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The smart grid provides automated real-time sensing and communication. This, coupled with a centralized diagnostician, enables the operating signature to be developed for individual pieces of HVAC equipment, which in turn enables automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD) technologies to diagnose deviations from this profile. Detection and diagnosis can be conducted automatically and comprehensively without the ongoing cost of expensive human expertise by embedding the expertise required to detect and diagnose operational problems in software tools. Furthermore, when used in commissioning, these tools can remain as a legacy in buildings after they are constructed, to protect building systems against slow mechanical degradation and/or faults inadvertently introduced by operators seeking to resolve complaints without finding root causes. The customer can be notified that the equipment performance is degraded and informed of recommended actions that may be taken, the likely cost to resolve the condition, and the savings that would be realized. The customer can, on her/his own volition, make the choice to correct the condition or defer that action to the utility (potentially as an integral part of energy efficiency and demand response programs). The benefits to the customer are lower energy bills, longer equipment life, and a healthier environment. Social benefits are reduced CO2 emissions and, possibly, increased energy security in cases that the energy savings are from imported fossil fuels. In addition to energy and emission reductions, many other benefits can be directly attributed to this technology including: 1) better peak load management, which allows for utility distribution and transmission and distributions companies to defer updates, and 2) better management of onsite generation. McKinsey & Company1 estimates a cost savings to the customer of between $5 B to $8 B dollars annually if 5% to 8% of the residential peak load is shifted (from all appliances) to off-peak load and curtail an additional 4% to 7% of resulting peak load. The savings are estimated using the actual time- varying prices for the PJM (Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia) power pool. Other studies have reported possible peak load reductions of 10% to 15%.2 In addition, improved maintenance would also reduce emissions of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants for those units not yet using hydro-chlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants. Furthermore, better maintenance leads to longer equipment lives, reduced waste, and extended landfill lives. In the case of small/medium commercial buildings, rooftop packaged cooling and packaged heat pump equipment is most amenable to AFDD. Packaged cooling equipment is used in 42% of all commercial buildings (19.7 M), serving over 54% of the commercial building floor space in the United States (EIA 2002) (36.5 B ft2). The primary cooling energy consumption of rooftop packaged and unitary 1 http://energycommerce.house.gov/107/hearings/06222001Hearing265/swofford.pdf 2 http://gridwise.pnl.gov/docs/pnnl14396.pdf and http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR160/index.html. Smart HVAC Systems Smart systems can automate activities to include simple housekeeping measures, such as setting back thermostats (which can reduce heating energy consumption by ~10% by turning the thermostat back 10% to 15% for 8 hours (DOE/EERE 2009). Cooling setup can yield similar or greater savings per degree of setup) and scheduling routine maintenance of HVAC systems. Often, however, occupants do not carry out these basic measures, e.g.,othermostat night setback rates of greater than 5 F appear to range between 20% (manual) and 35% (programmable) (Nevius and Pigg 2000). In fact, one study suggests that programmable thermostats may achieve negligible energy savings relative to manual thermostats due to human factors. “Smart” energy systems can “learn” how occupants use energy and provide control options that reduce energy use, energy waste, and energy cost. C.2PDF Image | The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefits
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