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For a heavily loaded feeder or a long rural feeder, it may not be possible to maintain the proper voltage by adjustments of the substation voltage alone. As a result, many distribution feeders utilize voltage regulators or shunt capacitors to maintain voltage levels at proper levels. This allows for a system to sustain more electrical load before it is necessary to either shift load to adjacent feeders, or to re- conductor the feeder to provide higher current levels and defer capital expenses. Figure G.2 shows an example of a radial distribution feeder that has a very large voltage drop. To accommodate the large voltage drop, a shunt capacitor is placed approximately 60% down the length of the line. This has the effect of reducing line losses and voltage drop along the feeder. To compensate for the variation in voltage throughout the day, shunt capacitors can be automatically switched in and out based on a local voltage measurement. 126V 120V 114V Location of Shunt Capacitor Feeder Length Figure G.2. Capacitor Compensated Voltage Drop Without shunt capacitor With shunt capacitor While CVR can, and has been, implemented on feeders with automatically switched shunt capacitors, their limitation is that they cannot always respond to changing load conditions. As a result, they are not adequate for leveling the feeder voltage enough for aggressive CVR, i.e., more than a 2-volt reduction. To achieve voltage reduction of greater than one or two volts, the development of additional techniques to enhance CVR will be necessary. G.3 Summary CVR has empirically proven itself to be a viable method to reduce the peak load on a distribution feeder as well as being an effective form of conservation. Empirical work reviewed showed that a 1% change in distribution line voltage provided a 0.25% to 1.3% change in energy consumption. Accurate determination of the CVR effects must include analysis of the electrical load as well as the design of the distribution system. The design of the distribution feeders includes everything from line and cable types, line and cable configurations, use of voltage correction capacitors, and use of tap-changing voltage regulators for transformers. Using existing CVR technologies, it is possible to reduce the current consumption of electricity by approximately 1% with little or no capital investment. Deploying smart grid technologies could potentially increase this 3% to 4%, which translates directly into reduced energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The reductions in electricity and CO2 emissions calculated in Attachment 2 are based on this and additional information from the literature review, and the author’s experience. It is estimated that a direct reduction of 2% in total electricity supplied to the grid, with a range of 1% to 4%, can be achieved through implementation of smart grid technologies. No indirect reductions in electricity or capacity are expected G.4PDF Image | The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefits
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