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Direct Savings Mechanism I Support Penetration of Renewable Wind Generation (25% RPS) Reduced Energy Consumption (2030) Baseline Electricity Consumption Electric Sector Annual Reductions (2030) Energy Carbon Emissions Est. % 20 Low High % % 10 30 % of United States 0.02 9 year) % of United States 0.02 (MMT/ yearr) 1 End-Use Sector(s) Fuel Savings for 0.1% Additional Regulation Requirement 9 (10 kWh/year) 5 (10 kWh/ 1 • Regulation – The quantity of energy reduction (1 B kWh)) is calculated by applying the reduction (20%) in energy consumption to the quantity of total quantity of peak load electricity supplied to the grid (5 B kWh). This amount is calculated as the 0.1% need for additional regulation times the electricity supplied to the grid (4968 B kWh - AEO). – The percentage reduction in electricity (0.02%) is calculated by dividing the quantity reduced (1 B kWh) by the total quantity of electricity supplied to the grid (4968 B kWh - AEO). – The CO2 emission reduction (0.6 MMT) is calculated by dividing the quantity electricity reduction (1 B kWh) by the total electricity supplied to the grid (4968 B kWh - AEO) times total utility sector emissions (2948 MMT - AEO). – The percentage of CO2 emission reduction (0.02%) is calculated by dividing the reduction (0.6 MMT) by total utility emissions (2948 MMT -AEO). Assumptions • The need for additional regulation for an RPS of 20% is 0.1%. • Regulation energy savings are 20% of peak load from a range of 10% to 30%. • Penetration = 100% • The calculations apply to the integration of solar PVs, so wind and/or solar PVs can be used to meet the 20% RPS. Data Sources • Requirement of 0.1% additional regulation Source: Smith JC, B Parsons, T Acker, M Milligan, R Zavadil, M Schuerger, and E DeMeo. 2007. “Best Practices in Grid Integration of Variable Wind Power: Summary of Recent U.S. Case Study Results and Mitigation Measures.” In: European Wind Energy Conference 2007, May, Milan, Italy,. • Electricity Supply in 2030 is 4968 B kWh Source: AEO 2008 (DOE/EIA-0383), Table 8. Electricity Supply, Disposition, Prices, and Emissions; Total Net Generation to the Grid • Electric Utility CO2 Emissions in 2030 is 2948 MMT Source: AEO 2008 (DOE/EIA-0383), Table 18. Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Sector and Source; Electric Power Total 2.12PDF Image | The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefits
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