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Energies 2020, 13, 6576 4 of 24 The systems under analysis consists of a HP-DHW production facility with sensible heat storage and a HRU. The main components of both systems are: • The HRU, which consists of a braze plate heat exchanger (BPHE) that takes profit of the temperature of the heat source to preheat the water coming from the net. • The thermal energy storage (TES) is a sensible heat storage tank. The two studied TES alternatives are a stratified storage tank (a) and a variable-water-volume storage tank with uniform temperature (b). • The booster HP that corresponds with the subcooled HP (SHP) developed under the EU project NxtHPG [33], which is able to always work with optimal subcooling. • The circulation water pumps. As it is possible to observe in Figure 1, the topology of both cases is different. The variable-water-volume tank case includes the HRU between the water heat source loop and the SHP, whereas the stratified case includes it between the city water net and the tank. In the stratified tank case, it is very convenient to force the water passing through the recovering heat exchanger before entering the tank, since it will give the maximum recovery and will improve the efficiency of the stratification in the tank given that the temperature difference between top and bottom decreases. This layout is not possible in the case of the variable-water-volume tank since the tank has only one inlet, which must be kept at the maximum temperature. The stratified tank topology has 2 inlets and two outlets and this implies that it has more variability in its operation as the SHP can be switched on but no fresh water is going into the tank (water tank heating) or fresh water can be flowing into the tank but the SHP can be off. These situations are not present in the variable-water-volume tank, as it only has one inlet and one outlet, and when there is fresh water flowing in the tank, the SHP and the BPHE must be active. In order to perform a fair comparison between both cases, two different operation modes of the stratified case have been considered. Operation mode 1 includes a bypass to the HRU as shown in Figure 1a. This responds to the fact that, in the variable-water-volume system, there is only preheating when the SHP is switched on and also when more heat is extracted from the water heat source in such a way that when the SHP is off and there is fresh water flowing into the tank no heat recovery is applied. This operation mode could be interesting from the point of view of saving heat source use in the situations in which its exploitation is low. Operation mode 2 consists of operating the system without any bypass. In this way, when the SHP is switched off but there exists user demand, a constant water mass flow is kept through the hot circuit of the HRU. This water heat source mass flow will be referred as MWOFF in the following, which means that the HRU is working, and the water entering the tank at the bottom is first heated up thanks to the heat recovery. The value MWOFF is a parameter of the system. 2.2. Integrated System Model Transient system simulation tool (TRNSYS) [34] has been used to model and analyze the different cases. The model presented in [31] was used for the variable-water-volume case and the stratified model was created using the variable-water-volume model as basis. The features and modeling of the main components of the systems and of the control are commented in the following. • Subcooled Heat Pump (SHP) • Water-to-water SHP. • Works with R290 (Propane) as refrigerant. • Is able to work with optimal subcooling, as explained in [6] with the objective of taking profit of the high temperature lift in the DHW application. • The SHP has been experimentally tested and fully characterized in the laboratory, as reported in [35].PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage Strategy Booster Heat Pump Low Temp
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