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Energies 2020, 13, 6576 5 of 24 • From the experimental results, a polynomial regression model was generated to characterize the SHP performance across the whole range of possible operation conditions. The maximum deviation between the simulated and the experimental results is lower than 4%, so the model is able to simulate the SHP performance very accurately. • TES tanks The stratified tank was simulated with TRNSYS type 60, whereas the variable-water-volume tank was simulated using TRNSYS type 39. The height of the inlets and outlets of the stratified tank were defined according to those of typical commercial tanks for that application: inlet to the tank from the SHP at 90% of the total height, the outlet of the tank to the SHP at 10%, the inlet to the tank from the net at 5%, and finally the outlet to the user at 95%. The variable-water-volume tank has only one inlet from the SHP and one outlet to the user. The peculiarities of the variable-water-volume tank model in comparison with the stratified tank, are that first the water temperature inside is considered uniform, although it is changing with time, depending on the mixing between the inlet flow coming from the SHP, and the outgoing flow going the user, and the heat losses to the ambient; and second, that the volume of water inside the tank is variable, depending on balance between the DHW production from of the SHP and the DHW demanded from the user. Regarding the shape of the tanks, an aspect ratio of 4 was considered for both storage tanks. This value is usual in commercial tanks and commonly used in stratified storage tank models. A value of 0.8 W/m2K was considered in accordance with the maximum heat loss coefficient allowed by Spanish regulation. Regarding the connection between the tank and the SHP, a direct connection has been considered in this study. The effects of an indirect connection could also be studied as it has been done in [36]. The TRNSYS model of the stratified tank considers a de-stratification conductivity value that accounts for the conduction losses. TRNSYS mathematical reference recommends calculating this value by using Equation (1), the value obtained and used in the model accounts for 2 W/mK (See [37,38] for a detailed explanation of the calculation method): kdestratification(W/mK) = ktank−wall· Atank , (1) Afluid where ktank−wall is the thermal conductivity of the wall tank, Atank is the cross-sectional area of the tank wall, and A f luid the one from the fluid in the tank. • HRU The BPHE was modeled with the NTU-effectiveness approach, considering an effectiveness of 0.75 in the nominal point. The characteristic UA value is evaluated at the nominal point and kept constant along the simulations. NTU varies depending on the actual instantaneous mass flow rates. • Other components The circulation pumps were modeled with TRNSYS type 742. The pressure losses in each circulation loop were considered negligible in comparison with the pressure drop across the heat exchangers. A correlation for water pressure drop across the HRU, the condenser, and evaporator was developed from the corresponding catalogue data. The model of the circulation pumps allowed the estimation of the circulation pumps consumption given the pressure drop in their respective loop. The models also included an anti-scalding mixer valve with the net at the outlet of the tanks in order to keep the required 45 ◦C.PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage Strategy Booster Heat Pump Low Temp
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