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Polymers 2019, 11, 609 8 of 12 Polymers 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 13 of triboelectric charges are well beyond the times between consecutive layer applications in the laser sinterTihnegpinrfolcuesnsc,ewohferceharngeewbluaiyledr-uispapinpltiheedceovnerteyxftewofmSLinSutiesss.een rather disruptive. In theory, partiTclhees iwnflituheancrepoeflclihnagrgneebtuchiladr-guepcinouthlde hcoanvtexatpoofsSiLtiSveisesfefenctroanthperowdidsreurpftliovwe.aIbniltihtyeobry,rpeadruticcilnegs watittrhacatirveepeinlltinergpnaerticuhlaartgee fcorucelds hthavate laeapdostitoivpeaerftfieccletsonstpicokwindgertoflgoewthaebriliatnydbythrerdeufocrinegaatrterdauctcievde ifnlotwerapbairltiticyu.lHatoewfeovrceer,sththisatwlielaldalstolpeardtitcolewsosrtsicekbinuglktdoegnesthiteiersaindthteheproelfyomreeraproewdudceerdlaflyoewr,awbhilicthy. Hcaonwbevaesr,sothciastewdilwl aitlhsoalehaigdhteorwporrosseitbyualknddeimnspiatiersedinmtehcehpanoilcyamleproppoewrtdiesrolafythere, fwinhisichhedcapnarbtes a[3s5s]o.cAianteodthweritdheatrihmigehnetarlpeofrfoecstitythantdisimaspsoaciriaetdedmwecihthaneilceacltrporsotapteicrtailelysocfhathrgeefidnpisahretidclepsaristst[h3e5i]r. Adenpoothsietriodnetornimeexnptoasleedffpecatrthsaintitshaessyosctiaetmed[2w2i]t,hleealdecintrgosttoahtiicgahllypochsta-rpgreodcepsasrintigclesffiosrthseainrdepleocstirticoanl ofineledxsptohsaetdapraertcsaipnabthle styostinemter[f2e2r]e, lweaitdhinignteornhaiglhsepnosot-rpsraoncedssiinsgtreufmfoertnstsan[d36e].leIcntrsitcealdfieolfdsusthinagt aCroeuclaopmablefotorcienstetroferperwevitehntinatedrhneaslisveen,soshrsoartn-draingsetruinmtenratsct[i3o6n]s. ,InthsteacdoomfmusoinlgyCuosueldomabndforbcesttteor paprepvreonatcahdihsemsivinei,mshizoirntg-rathngeevianntedraecrtiWonasa,ltshfeocrocembmyocnolyatuinsgedsuanrfdacbeesttweritahppnraonaocphairstimcliensimthiaztinagctthaes vspanacdeerr[3W7]a.als force by coating surfaces with nanoparticles that act as spacer [37]. 3.2. Charge Spectrometry 3.2. Charge Spectrometry Since the movement pattern of a particle in an electric field can be influenced either by its charge Since the movement pattern of a particle in an electric field can be influenced either by its or by its size, both quantities need to be accounted for. Therefore, the charge to diameter (q/d) ratio charge or by its size, both quantities need to be accounted for. Therefore, the charge to diameter (q/d) distributions are used when looking at charge spectrometry data. Figure 4 depicts the bipolar charge ratio distributions are used when looking at charge spectrometry data. Figure 4 depicts the bipolar distributions for virgin and used PA12 which can be described by two Gaussian distributions. The gap charge distributions for virgin and used PA12 which can be described by two Gaussian around a q/d-ratio of zero femtocoulomb per micrometre might still include particles which do not distributions. The gap around a q/d-ratio of zero femtocoulomb per micrometre might still include get detected due to the insufficient curvature of their trajectories resulting from their low q/d-ratios. particles which do not get detected due to the insufficient curvature of their trajectories resulting While it is possible to detect significant alterations in the voltmeter measurements for virgin and aged from their low q/d-ratios. While it is possible to detect significant alterations in the voltmeter polymers, only minor changes can be resolved by charge spectrometry. Table 2 shows the mean q/d measurements for virgin and aged polymers, only minor changes can be resolved by charge values of both the positively and the negatively charged share of virgin and used powders as well spectrometry. Table 2 shows the mean q/d values of both the positively and the negatively charged as the percentage of particles with a positive polarity. The calculated mean q/d values are slightly share of virgin and used powders as well as the percentage of particles with a positive polarity. The higher for used laser sintering powder in comparison to the virgin powder, which is in line with the calculated mean q/d values are slightly higher for used laser sintering powder in comparison to the observed surface potential in the powder spreading model experiment for the two types of powders. virgin powder, which is in line with the observed surface potential in the powder spreading model Additionally the shift to a higher amount of positively charged particles is in good agreement with experiment for the two types of powders. Additionally the shift to a higher amount of positively not only the observed positive potentials from voltmeter measurements but also the empirical and charged particles is in good agreement with not only the observed positive potentials from voltmeter well-established triboelectric series which predicts a small net positive charge for polyamides [16,38]. measurements but also the empirical and well-established triboelectric series which predicts a small Considering the measured value of ±0.33 fC/μm a single particle with a diameter of 50 μm possesses net positive charge for polyamides [16,38]. Considering the measured value of ±0.33 fC/μm a single an average of ~105 elementary charges. 5 particle with a diameter of 50 μm possesses an average of ~10 elementary charges. Figure4.Charge-to--diiameetteerrddisistrtribibuutitoionnssooffvvirigrigninanadndusuesdedPAP1A21l2aslearsesrinstienrtienrginpgopwodwerdoebrtoabintaeidnebdy cbhyacrhgaersgpeescptreocmtreotmryetmryeamsuearesmurenmtse.nStsh.oSwhnowvanluveasluaerse arveearavgeeradgoevdeor vtheretehrmeeamsueraesmurenmtse.nts. Table 2. Mean q/d values for positive and negative charged particles and share of positive polarity particles obtained by q/d-meter measurement of virgin and aged PA12. Values in brackets represent the standard deviation over three measurements. Mean q/d Value Material Positive [fC/μm] Mean q/d Value Negative [fC/μm] Share of Positive Polarity Particles [%]PDF Image | Tribo-Charging during Powder in Selective Laser Sintering
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