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Polymers 2019, 11, 609 9 of 12 Table 2. Mean q/d values for positive and negative charged particles and share of positive polarity particles obtained by q/d-meter measurement of virgin and aged PA12. Values in brackets represent the standard deviation over three measurements. 9 of 13 −0.38 (±0.01) Negatively charged particles exhibit a smaller particle size than ttheir posiitiive counterparts as shown in Fiigure 5.. Here, the number weiighted sum diisttriibution ((Q0) of particles deposited in the 0 electric fifield detected by the charge spectrometer is shown for virgin PA12.. Since the data in Table 2 indicates no diifferences iin q/d-ratio for opposing polarities, the shift in the diiameter diisttriibution necessitates an equally higher charge on posiittiive parttiiclles.. While it cannot be ruled out that tthiis observattiionisisbabsaesdedonoinhionmhomgeongeonuesomusatmeraiatelrcioanltcaoctnctaocntdcitoionndsitaiorinssingarfirsoinmgef.rgo.,mfloew.ga.,idfslocwoataiindgs tchoeastiunrgfatcheeofsuthrfeapcaerotifcltehse,wpearattitcrliebsu,tweeitatotttrhibeuptheeintotmoethneonpohfeansoymemnoentriocfcoansytamctmaeretraicelceocntrtiafictatairoena. Tehleectrreiafiscoantiobne.hTinhdetrreiabso-nchbaerhgindgtirnibhoo-mchoagrgeninegouinshmoamteorgiaelnceonutsamctsatrermiaalicnosnutancctlseraermsianicnestuhnecrleaisr nsioncmeattheerriealispneocmifiactedriiavlisnpgecfoifricedfroivrienlgecftorrocne ftorarneslefecrt.roHnotrwaenvsfeerr,.oHnoewaespverc,tofnreqausepnetcltyfroebqsueervnetldy sohboswersvethdasthsomwaslltehraptasrmtiaclelesrtpenardtitcoleschtaerngdetnoecghaatirvgelyneagnadtivlaerlgyearnodnelasrgpeorsiotinveslypodsuiteivtoelytradpupeetdo ntroanp-peqeudilniborniu-emqu, hiligbhrieunme,rghyigshurefanceergstyatseusr.fWacheilsetaetlesc.trWonhsilien ehliegchtreonesrginy shtiagthesecnaenrngoyt esqtautielsibcrantentot leoqwueilribstratestonlothweesrasmtaetessurofnacteh,ethseaymceasnutrfancsef,etrhbeycoalnlistiroanswfeirthboythcoelrlipsaiortnicwleist.hItohthaesrbpeaenrtischleosw.nIt thast cboelelinsioshnodwynatmhaictscleoalldistiona ndeytntarmaniscfserleoafdhitgohaeneertgytrsatnastefesrfrofmhliagrhgeepnaergtiyclesstatotesmfraollmer olanregse, lpeardtinclgestotosmsmalalellrerpoarnteicsl,elseabdeing ctohasrmgaedllenrepgarttiivcelelys b[3e9in–4g2c].harged negatively [39–42]. Figure5.5N.uNmubmebrewreiwghetigedhtseudmsduimstribduisttiroinbuotfiopnartoicflesparbtoicvles20aμbmovdeet2e0cteμdmincdheatergcetesdpeicntrocmhaertgrye (srpeedcatrnodmgertereyn()readndanindlgarseernd)ifafnradctinionlasmereadsiuffrreamcteionntsm(belascukr)eomf evnirtgsi(nbPlaAck12) opfovwirdgeirn. SPhAo1w2npodwatdaeirs. aSvheorwagnedaotvaeirs tahvrerea(gqe/ddo),vreerstpherceteiv(eql/ydfi),vres(plaescetrivdeilfyfrfaicvteio(nla)smeredasifufraecmtieont)s.measurements. Table 3 lists the characteristic particle sizes x , x and x for virgin and used PA12 powder Table 3 lists the characteristic particle sizes 1x01,0,0, x5500,,0 and x90,,00for virgin and used PA12 powder Polymers 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW Material Virgin Mean q/d Value Positive [fC/μm] Mean q/d Value Negative [fC/μm] Share of Positive Polarity Particles [%] +0.33 (±0.02) −0.33 (±0.02) 55.8 (±3.7) Virgin powder +0.33 (±0.02) powder −0.33 (±0.02) −0.38 (±0.01) 55.8 (±3.7) 57.9 (±1.5) Used powder +0.35 (±0.01) Used powder +0.35 (±0.01) 57.9 (±1.5) measured by either laser diffraction or charge spectrometry. While there is no significant change for the measured by either laser diffraction or charge spectrometry. While there is no significant change for virgin material when compared to the aged one when looking at the laser diffraction measurements, the virgin material when compared to the aged one when looking at the laser diffraction there is a difference for the q/d-meter data. Even though several thousands of particles were detected, measurements, there is a difference for the q/d-meter data. Even though several thousands of this might not be sufficient when looking at specific size fractions to ensure sufficient statistical particles were detected, this might not be sufficient when looking at specific size fractions to ensure agreement. Another important aspect is that not the complete particle ensemble is analysed since sufficient statistical agreement. Another important aspect is that not the complete particle ensemble weakly charged particles may not get deposited during measurement. Therefore, most of those is analysed since weakly charged particles may not get deposited during measurement. Therefore, pmaortsitcleosf lethaovseethpeamrtiecalessurleemaveenttcheell mwietahsouurtembeintg cdeltlecwteidth,oruestublteininggindaentecotveedr,esrteismualtinogn oinf thaen obvteariensetdimsaizteiodnisotfritbhuetoiobnta. ined size distribution. Table 3. Characteristic particle sizes of PA12 laser sintering powders for different ageing states and measurement methods. Method laser diffraction laser diffraction Material Virgin powder Used powder x10,0 30 μm 30 μm x50,0 42 μm 42 μm x90,0 62 μm 63 μmPDF Image | Tribo-Charging during Powder in Selective Laser Sintering
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