Triboelectric Energy Harvesting vs Polymer-Based Materials

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materials Article Triboelectric Energy Harvesting Response of Different Polymer-Based Materials Tiago Rodrigues-Marinho 1, Nelson Castro 2 , Vitor Correia 1,3 , Pedro Costa 1,4,* and Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez 2,5 1 2 3 4 5 * Correspondence: pcosta@fisica.uminho.pt Received: 23 September 2020; Accepted: 31 October 2020; Published: 5 November 2020 Center of Physics, Campus Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; tiagomarinho.fis@gmail.com (T.R.-M.); eng.v.correia@gmail.com (V.C.) BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; nelsonjfcastro@gmail.com (N.C.); senentxu.lanceros@bcmaterials.net (S.L.-M.) Algoritmi Research Center, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal Institute for Polymers and Composites IPC/i3N, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain Abstract: Energy harvesting systems for low-power devices are increasingly being a requirement within the context of the Internet of Things and, in particular, for self-powered sensors in remote or inaccessible locations. Triboelectric nanogenerators are a suitable approach for harvesting environmental mechanical energy otherwise wasted in nature. This work reports on the evaluation of the output power of different polymer and polymer composites, by using the triboelectric contact-separation systems (10 N of force followed by 5 cm of separation per cycle). Different materials were used as positive (Mica, polyamide (PA66) and styrene/ethylene-butadiene/styrene (SEBS)) and negative (polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyurethane (PU), polypropylene (PP) and Kapton) charge materials. The obtained output power ranges from 0.2 to 5.9 mW, depending on the pair of materials, for an active area of 46.4 cm2. The highest response was obtained for Mica with PVDF composites with 30 wt.% of barium titanate (BT) and PA66 with PU pairs. A simple application has been developed based on vertical contact-separation mode, able to power up light emission diodes (LEDs) with around 30 cycles to charge a capacitor. Further, the capacitor can be charged in one triboelectric cycle if an area of 0.14 m2 is used. Keywords: triboelectric effect; polymer and composites; energy harvesting; low-power devices 1. Introduction The world is experiencing a rapid revolution in the mode in which energy is being produced and consumed in daily life and industry [1,2]. Conventional ways to produce energy need to adapt to the environmental needs and concerns related to sustainability and, on the other hand, the energy consumption paradigm has also been strongly changing in the last decade based on increased mobility [2]. Thus, cell phones, tablets or related gadgets are common and ubiquitous nowadays. Hydroelectric energy generation remains the pillar of renewable energies [3,4], wind and solar energy generation are becoming increasingly important in the energy generation share [3]. In the last decade, with the fast development of the Internet of Things (IoT) [5] and portable electronics [5], the demand for a sustainable and environmentally friendly portable power supply is becoming very significant. In this context, energy generation systems are an interesting option for portable technologies, though still show low power output and, therefore, a low range of applications [3]. Piezoelectric, pyroelectric or thermoelectric energy generation are among the most studied technologies, 􏰁􏰂􏰃 􏰅􏰆􏰇 􏰈􏰉􏰊􏰋􏰌􏰂􏰍 Materials 2020, 13, 4980; doi:10.3390/ma13214980 www.mdpi.com/journal/materials

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