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Materials 2020, 13, 4980 9 of 12 The important role of the dielectric properties in the triboelectric output of the samples is demonstrated by the PVDF composites reinforced with barium titanate. The high dielectric constant of the ceramic nanoparticles (150) embedded into the PVDF matrix (dielectric constant around 6) leads to an increase of dielectric constant with an increase of filler content [39,40] up to ε ≈ 15 for the composite PVDF, increasing the performance of the triboelectric system, as predicted by theoretical models [9,41,42] and experimental measurements [38]. Thus, a maximum power output Materials 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 12 of 0.2 and 3.9 mW was obtained for neat PVDF and 30BT/PVDF, respectively, as shown in Figure 3F, demonstrating that increasing the dielectric constant of a specific material leads to an increase of its Mica:PVDF 3.3 22.5 6.6 0.2 triboelectric output. In conclusion, the roughness and dielectric permittivity of polymers influence the Mica:30BT/PVDF 5 141.8 27.4 3.9 triboelectric performance, being that the dielectric properties are more preponderant in the charges Mica:Kapton 5 50.1 10.2 0.5 transferred between opposite surfaces. Mica:PU >100 252.4 2.6 0.7 Commercial pair of materials Mica:Kapton presents a P = 0.5 mW for RL = 5 MΩ, despite being one of the most opposite pairs within the triboelectric series. Contrary to PVDF, surface treatments in 3.2. Energy Harvesting Application the surface (smooth surfaces) of the commercial materials decreases their triboelectric performance. A simple application was developed by harvesting the triboelectric energy into a capacitor and A similar effect can be observed in Mica:PU with P = 0.7 mW. In this case, the output power continues later powering a LED (Figure 4A). The two material pairs with the largest output powers, PA66:PP to increase with increasing RL, leading to an output voltage that increases up to 250 V. Mica:SEBS, and Mica:30BT/PVDF, were used. The triboelectric pairs were connected to an electrical circuit on the other hand, reaches P = 0.6 mW at RL = 10 MΩ (Figure 3C). SEBS with Mica, being similar to containing 4 diodes in order to transform the AC to DC voltage and charge a capacitor of 15 μF, as Mica:PA66, despite the proximity of these materials in the triboelectric series. illustrated in Figure 4B. 3.2. Energy Harvesting Application The circuit follows a traditional DO-35 Schottky (D1 to D4) rectifier bridge topology with an output electrolytic capacitor for energy storage, powering a load composed by a manual switch A simple application was developed by harvesting the triboelectric energy into a capacitor and button, the LED and the resistor (Figure 4C). This setup enables the energy to be stored and manually later powering a LED (Figure 4A). The two material pairs with the largest output powers, PA66:PP and discharge over the load when the voltage level is suitable. Mica:30BT/PVDF, were used. The triboelectric pairs were connected to an electrical circuit containing When the capacitor is charged, using a light switch, the LED was lighted on and the respective 4 diodes in order to transform the AC to DC voltage and charge a capacitor of 15 μF, as illustrated in voltage drop at the capacitor ends was observed (Figure 4C). Figure 4B. Fiigurree4.. IlIllulustsrtartaitoinonofotfhtehceomcopmleptelestetuseptu(Ap)(wAi)thwtihthe pthaeirpoafimr aotfermiaalste,rdiaetlsa,ileddetealielectdroenliectcriorcnuicit csicrhcuemit esc(hBe)maend(BP)icaonsdcoPpiceocsocnonpeccteodnntoecateldapttoopa.la(Cp)toEpl.ec(tCri)cEcliercutriitcfcoircpuoiwt feorrinpgotwherLinEgDthaendLE(D) acnhdar(gDe-)dcihscahrgareg-deiscyhcalregse ucysicnlegs tursibinogeltercitbroicelemctartiecrimalaste(rPiaAls66(P:PAP66o:PrPMoricMa:3ic0aB:T30/PBVTD/PFVDpFairpsa)iras)s ansanaongoegnenraetroartos.rs. By using Mica:30BT/PVDF or PA66:PP pairs it is possible to charge the 15 μF (capacitor with 25 to 30 cycles, the capacitor being able to turn on the LED for a few seconds) (Figure 4D). It is to notice that this is achieved with a small active area of 46.4 × 10−4 m2 in each material. Thus, by increasing the active area of the materials to 0.14 m2, the capacitor could be charged in just one cycle. Thus, implemented in an example, a human walking can generate in a few steps enough energy to powerPDF Image | Triboelectric Energy Harvesting vs Polymer-Based Materials
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