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Proceedings 2018, 2, 714 2 of 5 the aforementioned dielectric polymer films. Which can derive an alternative and novel approach of energy harvesting for ocean wave monitoring applications that require self-powering in liquid environments. Potential applications include sensing at structure-water interfaces, such as those used to prevent critical damage in coastal defence systems. 2. WDSE-TENG Prototypes Fabrication and Electrical Characterization Measurements Set-Up The fabricated WDSE-TENG prototypes have a triboelectric active area of 7 cm × 4 cm and three different configurations, as depicted in Figure 1, using hydrophobic dielectric layers with high negativity in the triboelectric series [5]. For the first WDSE-TENG a dielectric layer (PTFE (thickness (t = 100 μm), FEP (t = 25 μm), Silicone rubber (t = 150 μm) and PDMS (t = 125 μm)) was manually fixed with conductive glue on a copper layer (t = 100 μm), which acts as electrode. The other exposed side of the copper layer was insulated with black PTFE tape to protect it from the water to prevent a short circuit (Figure 1a). With this device configuration, the contact electrification occurs at the face of the dielectric layer in contact with water. For the second configuration a metal layer (Al (t = 18 μm), Cu (t = 100 μm)) was completely insulated within silicone rubber layers on both sides to protect it from the water (Figure 1b) and with the aim to increase the contact area to produce contact electrification in both faces of the device when the water contacts it. Additionally, using the second configuration, a copper layer was manually insulated on one side with a layer of PDMS and on the other side with a layer of PTFE with conductive acrylic adhesive (t = 25 μm) to test the combination of two different materials in contact electrification with water at the same time. For the electrical characterization, the electrode of each sample was connected to an external load of 10 MΩ. Figure 1. Three configurations of fabricated WDSE-TENG prototypes (a) WDSE-TENG with one dielectric layer, (b) full device covered with two dielectric layers, and (c) split single electrode-two dielectric layers in contact with water. (d) WDSE-TENG prototypes placed on the water wave generator tank for their output performance measurements on water conditions. The third configuration comprised two copper layers (split electrode) with an active area of 2.5 cm × 3 cm and a separation distance of 8 mm, which were manually fixed with conductive acrylic adhesive on a dielectric layer (PTFE (t = 100 μm), PDMS (t = 125 μm)). The other face of the device was insulated with a layer of silicone rubber to protect it from short-circuit in contact with water (Figure 1c). The contact electrification will be produced on both faces of the device when it contacts the water with the two electrodes connected to an external load of 10 MΩ for the electrical characterization with the objective to increase the charge transfer between the split electrode compared with the WDSE-TENG. The complete fabrication process was performed at room temperature. The WDSE-TENG output performance of the prototypes was characterized using a water wave generator tank in order to replicate the conditions of the mechanical energy generated by ocean wavePDF Image | Triboelectric Nanogenerators Ocean Wave Energy Harvesting
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