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and their alternating sequence into consider- ation. In order to reduce the danger of flood- ing to a minimum it is therefore clear that the longer the duration of a positive temperature gradient can be preserved, the less likely a river is to flood, since only minor sediment deposition will occur. The duration of the positive temperature gradient can be extended or it can be recre- ated where necessary in four principal ways: 1. By shading the river through the replant- ing of trees. 2. By the construction of appropriately de- signed dams in which the temperature of the discharge can be suited to the pre- vailing air temperatures and the water temperatures of the downstream flow regime. 3. By installing flow-deflecting guides which direct the flow of water at the bends towards the centre of the river and simulta- neously cause the creation of cooling longi- tudinal vortices. 4. By the implanting of 'energy-bodies' in the river bed, which re-energise the water by inducing the formation of longitudinal vor- tices. On point no. 1: This is particularly important at the riverbends, where the friction and there- fore the warming tendencies are greatest. Here species of timber which have a high evapora- tion rate should be planted. In the process of evaporation the sap in the tree is cooled and, because the roots develop underneath the river bed this cooling effect is also extended to the riverbed and thus to the water as well. The tree therefore acts like a refrigerator. The key factors here in terms of land and water resources management are, firstly, never remove forest from the banks of a river. Indeed a belt of trees of at least 500 to 1000 metres wide should be maintained along all rivers banks for the health of the river. Rivers flowing through cleared, barren countryside should be reafforested (as shown in fig. 13.2) in order to re-establish healthy flow condi- tions, restore the nutrient supply and recharge the ground water table in its vicinity. On point no. 2: As presently constructed, the majority of dams and most water storage 13: The Dynamics of Flow 159 facilities either release cold bed-water from the bottom-sluices or warm surface water over the top of the dam wall by means of the spillway. This is done without considering the temperature of the water released or its possible effect on the downstream flow regime and on many occasions has disastrous consequences. The discharge of warm water, for example, into a stretch of river where the temperature gradient is only slightly posi- tive, will effectively remove it altogether, resulting in the automatic and almost simul- taneous deposition of silt and sediment. The result will be flooding. The discharge of cold bed-water only, on the other hand, may over-cool the lower reaches, causing excessive scouring and the transport of very heavy sediment loads, which the lower flow regime is unable to handle due to a number of factors. ThesePDF Image | Viktor Schauberger Work Explained
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