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Sustainability 2019, 11, 1881 17 of 20 Contrary to that, the vapor compression cycle has no limitation regarding ambient temperature. However, the larger the gradient it creates in the flue gas, the greater the work done by the compressor, eventually resulting in more power consumption. As shown in some cases, the power consumption to run the system exceeds the turbine power output thus external power is required. In case of 30 ◦C ambient temperature condition, to achieve a similar target system alters from being self-sufficient to power dependent by the difference of only one stage i.e., B having one additional stage is self-sufficient in power output whereas X is dependent on external power source although the power generated by ORC cycle is the same for both the configurations. Thus, it is always feasible to use pumped heat pipe cooling before vapor compression if the number of stages or compactness of the system is not a priority. Combination of both pumped heat pipe and vapor compression allows some of the temperature to be decreased in the flue gas by the pumped heat pipe cycle, which can reduce the work done by the compressor of the vapor compression cycle. The work of one large compressor can also be reduced by distributing the work to smaller compressors, which is beneficial in terms of power consumption because they create less irreversibility resulting into less loss as can be seen in the case of configuration H which consumes less power than X. The capital cost, however, increases as the number of stages increase because of the additional components required for additional vapor compression cycles. The results shown by configuration A have promising potential for practical applications at regions with moderate climate conditions, i.e. 20 ◦C to 25 ◦C or lower. For regions with higher temperature climates, i.e., 40 ◦C through different season cycles, recovering an adequate proportion of water from the flue gas with the dew point of the moisture in the flue gas being 50 ◦C to 55 ◦C, is only possible with the presence of vapor compression cycle in the system. Therefore, all the rest of the configurations show the variation in the trade-off between power output and the number of stages, with several modifications, with ORC and VCC being the essential parts of the system. Thus, for regions with higher ambient temperatures, it depends on desirability for either higher power output or lesser number of stages. Based on the requirements, the designer can decide if either vapor compression cycle (X) is enough for the heat and water recovery according to the requirements or integration of pumped heat pipe with vapor compression cycle (B) is feasible. Distribution of a large compression work (H) into several compressors is required, or both the integration of pumped heat pipe and the distribution of the compressor work (O) fulfills his requirements of power generation while maintaining the capital cost. Also, water cooled, partially water-cooled, or air-cooled condensation has to be selected based on the availability of water. Note that, regardless of the configuration selected, the system will have better water and power yields for all ambient temperatures less than the ambient temperature at which the system is designed. As the ambient temperature becomes less and less than the design ambient temperature, the yields will increase further. Therefore, it is recommended that the system must be designed for the highest average ambient temperature condition of the region where the system is to installed. The economic benefit may seem to tend to decrease with the increase in the number of stages, but the greater number of stages will serve the purpose of greater water recovery efficiency at lower temperatures than the design temperature. Therefore, being designed for peak temperature around the year, the system with a larger number of stages will tend to have a greater economic benefit as it will be able to recover more water and heat at the lower temperatures. Other than the water being used for the primary purposes of cooling and condensing hazardous gases, water recovery itself reduces the incidence of white plumes and smog around the power plant, since the high humidity flue gas prevents pollutant diffusion, which promotes secondary air pollutant transformation, and contributes to smog. In order to utilize the system for a specific site with the given objective functions and constraints, the system can be optimized by taking account of more factors related to electrical power distribution systems presented by Nguyen et al. [11] and Duong et al. [10].PDF Image | Waste Heat and Water Recovery System Optimization for Flue Gas
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