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Sustainability 2019, 11, 1881 18 of 20 6. Conclusions Fossil fuel power plants can cause many environmental problems because of their exhaust emissions and use of significant amounts of water. Heat and water recovery from the flue gas in a thermal power plant can contribute to reducing CO2 emissions and water requirements. Several studies utilize flue gas in different ways for heat recovery but recovering water from flue gas while recovering heat serves so many useful purposes of extra energy production, water saving, and pollution control. In this study, a WHWRS composed of an ORC and cooling cycles using the same working fluid accompanied by a phase change was proposed. The system was optimized for maximum power output by optimizing the high-pressure side and turbine inlet temperature. The design of the WHWRS depends on the desirable properties of the system. It can be either water recovery, power output, or the number of system stages (capital cost). A higher water recovery requires an increase in the number of stages and a loss of power output at a constant ambient temperature. Similarly, a higher ambient temperature requires an increase in the number of stages and an increase in power consumption to achieve the targeted water recovery efficiency. In the case of a 600 MW power plant with 16% volume of water vapor in 150 ◦C flue gas, the WHWRS can produce approximately 6 MWe in the case of the water-cooled condenser and 3.9 MWe in the case of the air-cooled condenser, and obtain 50% water recovery by cooling the flue gas to 40 ◦C at an ambient temperature of 20 ◦C. Other than the water being used for the primary purposes of cooling and condensing hazardous gases, water recovery itself reduces the incidence of white plumes and smog around the power plant. Author Contributions: All authors contributed to this paper. S.S.M.S. performed the system analysis along with the preparation of the manuscript, A.N. contributed to data analysis, G.B.C. conceived the study plan and contributed to the analysis, and Y.M.K. proposed the system configurations and modeling methods and confirmed the manuscript. Acknowledgments: This research was supported by the National Strategic Project—Cfarbon Upcycling of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSICT), the Ministry of Environment (ME), and the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE) (NRF—2017M3D8A2085654), and the Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement under the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of Korean Government (Project Number: 13 Construction Research T01). The Institute of Engineering Research at Seoul National University (SNU) provided research facilities for this work. The authors are grateful for the support. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Castellani, B.; Rinaldi, S.; Morini, E.; Nastasi, B.; Rossi, F. Flue gas treatment by power-to-gas integration for methane and ammonia synthesis—Energy and environmental analysis. Energy Convers. Manag. 2018, 171, 626–634. [CrossRef] 2. García, S.G.; Montequín, V.R.; Fernández, R.L.; Fernández, F.O. Evaluation of the synergies in cogeneration with steel waste gases based on Life Cycle Assessment: A combined coke oven and steelmaking gas case study. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 217, 576–583. [CrossRef] 3. Liu, M.; Fu, H.; Miao, G.-Y.; Wang, J.-S.; Han, X.-Q.; Yan, J.-J. Theoretical study of lignite-fired power system integrated with heat pump drying. K. Cheng Je Wu Li Hsueh Pao/J. Eng. Thermophys. 2016, 37, 929–934. 4. Xu, Z.; Mao, H.; Liu, D.; Wang, R. Waste heat recovery of power plant with large scale serial absorption heat pumps. Energy 2018, 165, 1097–1105. [CrossRef] 5. Wei, M.; Fu, L.; Zhang, S.; Zhao, X. Experimental investigation on vapor-pump equipped gas boiler for flue gas heat recovery. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2019, 147, 371–379. [CrossRef] 6. Júnior, E.P.B.; Arrieta, M.D.P.; Arrieta, F.R.P.; Silva, C.H.F. Assessment of a Kalina cycle for waste heat recovery in the cement industry. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2019, 147, 421–437. [CrossRef] 7. Liu, M.; Zhang, X.; Ma, Y.; Yan, J. Thermo-economic analyses on a new conceptual system of waste heat recovery integrated with an S-CO2 cycle for coal-fired power plants. Energy Convers. Manag. 2018, 161, 243–253. [CrossRef]PDF Image | Waste Heat and Water Recovery System Optimization for Flue Gas
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