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Energies 2020, 13, 5914 3 of 15 cycle configuration does not normally correspond to the most cost-effective solution. Therefore, some researchers resort to the techno-economic analysis of ORC systems. Hajabdollahi et al. [15] performed a techno-economic assessment and optimization of ORC systems for the recovery of waste heat from a 20 kW diesel engine. They used a genetic algorithm for the simultaneous optimization of efficiency and total annual cost. The Pareto form solution suggested that the best performance was achieved with R123 with the maximum efficiency and lowest annual cost. Yang et al. [16] also carried out a techno-economic assessment to minimize the specific investment cost for heat recovery from a marine engine. Their study presented the specific investment for ORC with R1234yf, R152a, R600a, and R245fa was 0.266 W/$, 0.249 W/$, 0.247 W/$, and 0.244 W/$, respectively. In the case of heat recovery from a locomotive engine, the weight and volume of the systems are key factors [7]. To incorporate this, a bottoming ORC attached to a 2 L gasoline engine was investigated from the viewpoint of techno-economics and sizing [17]. The results estimated the optimum value of the specific investment cost, the heat exchangers’ area, and the volume coefficient to be 2515 €/kW, 0.48 m2, and 2.62 MJ/m3, respectively. The literature survey above discussed the experimental and theoretical investigations of ORCs on a system level. However, for low-grade or waste heat conversion systems such as in ICEs, the design of the expansion device is highly critical and has a significant impact on the overall system’s performance [18]. A thorough literature review on volumetric expanders suggested that a screw expander is most suitable for small systems with a power capacity of less than 50 kWe [19,20]. Wang et al. [21] performed an experimental investigation of a single-screw expander prototype to study its reliability and operability. They generated power of 5 kW with an inlet pressure and temperature of 0.6 kPa and 107 ◦C, respectively, with air as the working fluid. The screw expanders are considered to be compatible for the power range encountered in ORC systems. Hence, Lei et al. [22] developed an ORC system with a screw expander prototype and carried out experimental investigation. They investigated a new expander structure that eliminated the under-expansion losses and generated a shaft power output of 8.35 kW with an isentropic efficiency of 73%. The survey suggests that the literature is rich in the performance assessments of ORCs at component and system levels for harnessing waste heat from diesel engines. Various research activities have sought to overcome the complications associated with the ORC such as space limitations, weight, and cost. However, as can be seen from the previous discussion, different research activities set out to optimize the system based on different objectives. The literature lacks a Second Law of Thermodynamics (exergy) analysis and systematic methodology to optimize the ORC system for engine waste heat recovery application. The losses encountered in the volumetric expanders are mostly compared with turbines, yet the studies focused on identifying and quantifying those losses are scarce [20]. Recently, exergy analysis has been rigorously used for the optimization of thermal energy conversion systems [23]. Exergy analysis has been widely used for the optimization of power generation and refrigeration systems [24,25] and for the identification of the origin and source of irreversibility, as well as for quantifying the rate of irreversibility as exergy destruction (Ex. ). This study therefore performed D exergy analysis on an ORC for waste heat recovery from a diesel engine to quantify the thermodynamic losses in the ORC system’s components. The exergy analysis complements the conventional energy analysis by pointing out the source and magnitude of losses and, consequentially, indicating the potential measures that can be taken to improve the system performance. Conventionally, exergy analysis is applied theoretically [25]; however, distinct from previous works, in this study, the effect of the irreversible losses on the performance of the organic Rankine cycle system has been experimentally investigated. A prototype ORC system with the heat source being the exhaust of a 248 kW diesel engine has been established to experimentally ascertain the temperature, pressure, and mass flow rate of the ORC. The experimental values of the state properties are then provided to the exergy model to calculate the Ex. selection of a working fluid is a critical design parameter for ORC systems. Hajabdollahi et al. [15] showed that R123 surpassed the competitive refrigerants for heat recovery from a diesel engine and D and losses. The appropriatePDF Image | Waste Heat Recovery from Diesel Engine Exhaust ORC
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