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2.7.1 Condenser Condensers are very commonly used in steam power plants. A surface condenser is designed as a sealed container filled with a large number of tubes. This type of condenser is a shell and tube heat exchanger, mainly. Vapour is separated from the cooling water and for this reason, the idea of the surface condenser is to keep by without the need of water treatment and reuse feedwater with high purity. The amount of cooling water required to condense the incoming steam would generally be of amount 50 to 80 times the steam flow, typically with a very tight temperature difference. Within the range of absolute pressure 0.1- 0.4 bar, condenser offers low back pressure at the outlet from the turbine in general. Vacuum is created in a cold condenser, giving the plant a good economy; thus maximizing the thermal efficiency of the plant. The proper operation of the condenser is critical for the availability and efficiency off the steam plant. 2.7.2 Heat Recovery Steam Generator Heat recovery steam generators are useful for recovering heat from hot flue gases. In general, a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) is situated next to the hot flue gas exhaust duct of a power plant. Without extracting the heat from the furnace exhaust flue gas of high temperature from the outside is burned fuel, HRSG is a boiler mainly. In general, whether coming from a diesel engine or a gas turbine, the hot flue gases are led straight into the HRSG, which should not exert too high of a backpressure to the gas path. Economizer, evaporator and superheater are the three main components of the HRSG. The preheating of feedwater, the boiling process and the superheat of dry steam, respectively, follow the hot gas path in a counter-current flow, where the pinch-point temperature difference plays the most important role for the distribution of the heat exchange surfaces, as shown in Figures 2.10 and 2.11. 2.7.3 Economizer The economizer heats up the feed water close to saturated water temperature by gaining heat from the low-temperature flue gas. Economizer located in last part of the HRSG where the exhaust gas has the lowest temperature. An economizer is a forced-flow, once- through, convection heat-transfer device to which feed water is supplied at a pressure slightly above that in the steam-generating section and at a rate corresponding to the steam output of the unit. The feed water flow is heated up somewhat below the saturated water temperature because evaporation in the economizer tubes is undesired. The heated water then enters the boiler steam drum. The difference between the water exit temperature of the economizer (which is the same as the evaporator entry temperature) and the saturated water temperature is usually termed approach temperature difference. The approach temperature difference makes sure that the feedwater does not boil already in the economizer tubes, and usually is in the range of 10 – 25 oC below the saturated water temperature at the given pressure. 2.7.4 Evaporator The evaporator further heats up the feedwater coming from the economizer up to the proper saturated water conditions and evaporates the entire mass flow to saturated steam, providing energy equal to the latent heat of the water. The evaporator is always the middle 15PDF Image | waste heat recovery steam power system for ACE Embilipitiya
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