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Energies 2020, 13, 6446 5 of 26 Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PETEaRblReE1V.IDEWesign parameters for a combustion air resistance heater. 5 of 26 Parameters Unit Value Parameters Unit Value Fuel (natural gas) consumption Nm3/hr 3 27 Nm /hr 27 Fuel (natural gas) consumption m3/s 0.14 Primary air flow m3/s 0.14 °C 105 mm 90 Primary air flow ◦ Maximum temperature increase from ambient Combustion air connection duct diameter Combustion air connection duct diameter C mm 105 Maximum temperature increase from ambient 90 Pre-heating the combustion air would reduce the density of flow, thus, reducing the molar flow Pre-heating the combustion air would reduce the density of flow, thus, reducing the molar flow rate of oxygen per unit volumetric flow of combustion air causing incomplete combustion of the fuel. rate of oxygen per unit volumetric flow of combustion air causing incomplete combustion of the fuel. Therefore, the air regulator in the multi-flow valve of the fuel-air mixer needs resetting to maintain a Therefore, the air regulator in the multi-flow valve of the fuel-air mixer needs resetting to maintain a suitable air-fuel ratio. The burner flame colour and quality were observed for every increment made suitable air-fuel ratio. The burner flame colour and quality were observed for every increment made in the combustion air temperature to ensure complete combustion of fuel. The parameters used to in the combustion air temperature to ensure complete combustion of fuel. The parameters used to analyse the oven performance are fuel consumption rate, wafer quality (moisture, weight, size, colour), analyse the oven performance are fuel consumption rate, wafer quality (moisture, weight, size, fuel conversion and temperatures in the oven. The effectiveness of the actual (with heat recovery) colour), fuel conversion and temperatures in the oven. The effectiveness of the actual (with heat combustion air preheating system is determined by Equation (2): recovery) combustion air preheating system is determined by Equation (2): ƞ =Qgas saved, Oven ncombustion air preheating = 𝑄. (2) . 𝑄 , (2) where 𝑄 , Qexhaust is the reduction in oven’s gas consumption rate in kW, and 𝑄 is the rate gaascehse.maticofabakingovenwithcombustionairpreheatingprocessusingtheoven’sexhaustgases. Oven .. awthwehreicQh the recoveraisbltehewraesdteuchteioant isnroevleans’esdga(isnckoWns)ufmropmtiotnheraetxehianuksWt o,faandsiQngle oveisnt.hFeigruatrea3t gas saved, Oven exhaust swhhoiwchs athsechrecmovaetircabolfeawbasktienhgeoavt eisn rwelietahsceodm(ibnuksWtio)nfraoimr ptrheehexahtianugspt roof caesisnugsleinogvtehne. oFvigeunr’se e3xshaouwsts Exhaust Vent Oven Exhaust Cold Combustion Air Preheated combustion air Oven Exhaust Duct Cold combustion air (from inside factory building) Fue l Extractor Fan Pre he ate d combustion air F-A Mixer Figure 3. Schematic of combustion air preheating process using oven exhaust. Figure 3. Schematic of combustion air preheating process using oven exhaust. Baking Oven The combustion air preheating technology developed and discussed in this work can be applied The combustion air preheating technology developed and discussed in this work can be applied to any other food manufacturing processes involving pre-mixed air-fuel combustion. to any other food manufacturing processes involving pre-mixed air-fuel combustion. 2.3. Hot Water Production System Hot water is one of the key utilities in any industrial manufacturing process for a variety of applications, such as space heating, cleaning, showers, etc. The temperature requirements of hot water for the different types of applications are shown in Table 2. Table 2. Hot water temperatures for industrial applications. Heat Exchange rPDF Image | Waste Heat Recovery Technologies for the Food Processing Industry
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