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Energies 2020, 13, 6446 7 of 26 weights that create higher vapour pressures using low-grade heat (100–400 ◦C) and provide higher thermodynamic efficiencies than steam cycles [20]. The selection of organic fluid primarily depends on the operating temperatures and is very critical to the ORC performance. Many research activities on ORC have been carried out in the past to improve the performance by reducing complexity, selecting appropriate working fluid, improving system configuration, optimising operating conditions, etc. [40–45]. A two-loop Regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle (RORC), shown in Figure 5, has been Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW modelled in this study after a thorough literature search [20,46–49]. 7 of 26 Ove n Exhaust Vent Coolant PumpC Electricity Pump-CW Cooling water in F-A Mixer Oven Exhaust Coolant (water) Refrigerant R245fa Condenser cooling water Oven Exhaust Duct PumpR Turbine Fue l Figure 5. Schematic of a baking oven waste heat recovery system to produce electricity using the Figure 5. Schematic of a baking oven waste heat recovery system to produce electricity using the Extractor Fan Air Baking Oven Regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle. Regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle. The primary loop circulates a coolant (water) that recovers waste heat from the oven exhaust The primary loop circulates a coolant (water) that recovers waste heat from the oven exhaust gases and releases this heat into the evaporator of the RORC. In the secondary loop, an organic gases and releases this heat into the evaporator of the RORC. In the secondary loop, an organic refrigerant R245fa (also called working fluid) is pressurised in the feed pump and fed to the refrigerant R245fa (also called working fluid) is pressurised in the feed pump and fed to the regenerator, regenerator, where it is preheated by the turbine exhaust [50]. It is then passed through the where it is preheated by the turbine exhaust [50]. It is then passed through the evaporator where it evaporator where it turns into superheated vapour after absorbing the heat released by the coolant,◦ turns into superheated vapour after absorbing the heat released by the coolant, which is at 100 C. which is at 100 °C. The saturated pressurised refrigerant vapour is expanded in a turbine, which The saturated pressurised refrigerant vapour is expanded in a turbine, which produces electricity produces electricity through the generator unit. The vapour refrigerant, after preheating the liquid through the generator unit. The vapour refrigerant, after preheating the liquid refrigerant in the refrigerant in the regenerator, goes through a condenser, where it is re-condensed to liquid state. An regenerator, goes through a condenser, where it is re-condensed to liquid state. An Aspen Plus model Aspen Plus model of the heat recovery system using RORC was developed for simulations and of the heat recovery system using RORC was developed for simulations and performance analysis. performance analysis. The Peng-Robinson equation of state was selected to calculate the The Peng-Robinson equation of state was selected to calculate the thermodynamic properties of the thermodynamic properties of the refrigerant [49,51]. The operating parameters and inputs, as shown refrigerant [49,51]. The operating parameters and inputs, as shown in Table 3, were used to model in Table 3, were used to model RORC in Aspen Plus were obtained from literature [39,51–58]. The RORC in Aspen Plus were obtained from literature [39,51–58]. The electrical efficiency of the RORC is electrical efficiency of the RORC is determined by Equation (4): determined by Equation (4): 𝑊 𝑊 −𝑊 ɳ = , = where 𝑊 n = Wnet, RORC = WT −Waux electrical, RORC . . , , . . . 𝑄 𝑄 (4) (4) is the net electrical output from the RORC system, 𝑊 is the electrical power Qsupply Qexhaust output of the ORC turbine and 𝑊 is the electrical power consumption by auxiliary equipment. .. The effectiveness of the heat recovery system involving RORC is determined by Equation (5): where Wnet, RORC is the net electrical output from the RORC system, WT is the electrical power output . 𝑄 of the ORC turbine and Waux is the electrical powerconsu,mption by auxiliary equipment. ƞ = 𝑄 (5) where 𝑄 , is the rate of gas used by a typical gas engine to produce same amount of electricity as produced by the RORC system using the recoverable oven waste heat 𝑄. Heat Exchange r EVA Regenerator CondenserPDF Image | Waste Heat Recovery Technologies for the Food Processing Industry
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