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Energies 2020, 13, 6446 8 of 26 The effectiveness of the heat recovery system involving RORC is determined by Equation (5): . n = Qgas saved, ORC (5) ORC . Qexhaust . whereQgassaved,ORC istherateofgasusedbyatypicalgasenginetoproducesameamountofelectricity . as produced by the RORC system using the recoverable oven waste heat Qexhaust. Table 3. List of operating parameters to the Regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle (RORC) Aspen Plus model. Parameter Oven exhaust temperature Evaporator pressure Condenser pressure Oven exhaust volumetric flow rate Oven exhaust gas outlet temperature (after heat transfer) Refrigerant flow rate Coolant flow rate Turbine efficiency Pump efficiency 2.5. Vapour Absorption Refrigeration (VAR) System Model Unit Value ◦C 165 bar 1.1 bar 10 m3/s 3.72 ◦C 110 L/min 30.9 L/min 233.2 % 85 % 80 A VAR system, shown in Figure 6, is a closed loop cycle that produces a refrigeration or cooling effect using heat as primary energy input instead of electrical power, which is used for driving a vapour compression cycle [22]. The evaporation, expansion and condensation stages in a VAR system are the same as the vapour compression refrigeration (VCR) system. However, an absorber, generator and pump replace the compressor in a VCR system. A VAR model was developed in Aspen Plus using a mixture of ammonia and water as the working fluid [59–61]. In the generator, the rich ammonia/water mixture is heated to desorb the refrigerant. Hot water produced by extracting the waste heat from the oven exhaust gases is used as a thermal energy input to the generator. The refrigerant vapour then enters the rectifier, where it is cooled by the ammonia-rich solution. This preheats the ammonia-rich solution before it is sent to the generator. The refrigerant vapour flows to the water-cooled condenser, where it is completely liquefied. The liquefied refrigerant is further cooled in a refrigerant heat exchanger and flows through the expansion valve. After pressure reduction, the refrigerant flows to the evaporator unit, where heat from the chilled water evaporates the refrigerant. The refrigerant then moves to the absorber, where it mixes with the lean ammonia solution and forms a rich solution. This rich solution is then pumped back to the generator after some preheating in the rectifier. Table 4 provides the detailed operating parameters and inputs used to model the VAR in Aspen Plus. A Peng-Robinson equation of the state property method was used in the Aspen model to calculate the thermodynamic properties of the working fluid.PDF Image | Waste Heat Recovery Technologies for the Food Processing Industry
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