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1. INTRODUCTION The internal combustion engine is the core power source for many vehicles. Due to the current stringent energy demands and high fuel costs, manufacturers of vehicles have been seeking methods to increase the thermal efficiency of the internal combustion engine to produce more work given the same amount of fuel consumptions [1]. However, researches has indicated that internal combustion engines still lose around 60-70% of the fuel energy through the exhaust gas and the coolant. The exhaust gas tends to have a high enough temperature compared to the coolant temperature [2] so it has a potential to drive a low temperature heat engine cycle. Therefore, Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) from the exhaust gas to achieve higher efficiency of the internal combustion engine is worth attention. There are various thermodynamic cycles, such as the organic Rankine cycle (ORC), Kalina cycle, Goswami cycle, and trilateral flash cycle, available to convert the low-grade heat in the exhaust gas to usable mechanical work or electricity. Among these cycles, the ORC has shown its high competiveness because of its higher reliability and it is less complex [3]. There are hundreds of substances available in the world to be used in the ORC [4]. The best working fluids should be determined for specific cases. Much research has been done on the working fluid selections for the ORC used as a method of WHR from engine exhaust gas since 1976 [1]. However, most of the research focused on some specific conditions, such as a fixed turbine inlet temperature, a fixed turbine inlet pressure, or a specific type of engine. There is a lack of generic but yet qualitative and simple solutions to the choice of the working fluid in the ORC when used in connection with an internal combustion engine. The objective of this project is to determine the best choices of working fluids among pure substances for an ORC used in connection with an engine through a simple and generic solution. This project also briefly studies the use of mixtures in the ORC. Due to the time limitation, cycle simulation for mixtures is only to demonstrate the accommodation of the model to mixtures rather than provide the best choices of mixtures. The approach of this project is a literature review and a computer model simulation of a simple ORC cycle. This report includes a literature review, simulation descriptions, simulation results, sensitivity studies, simulation validations, and a brief study of mixtures. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW To familiarize the readers with the ORC, a short introduction of the ORC from literature is included in this section. In addition, preliminary working fluid selections were determined through this literature review. The selection process includes a statistical summary of the 4PDF Image | Working Fluid Selections in Organic Rankine Cycle ICE
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