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substances that were studied previously, an introduction of fluid categories, environmental impact and safety concerns. 2.1. Organic Rankine Cycle The organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is a closed-loop system where a naturally organic working fluid repeatedly circulates through four components, an evaporator (aka. boiler), an expander, a condenser, and a pump, to transform waste heat into mechanical or electrical power [1]. The ORC differs from the traditional steam Rankine cycle because it uses organic fluids with low boiling points instead of water to recover heat from lower temperature heat sources [3]. Figure 1 shows a configuration of an ORC and its corresponding T-s diagram. (a) (b) Figure 1. (a) Configuration of an organic Rankine cycle and (b) its corresponding T-s diagram. As explained by Sprouse, C. and Depcik, C. [1], process 2-5 in Figure 1 is an isobaric heating process through which the working fluid is heated by the engine exhaust gas to capture the waste heat available. This process occurs in an evaporator (boiler). Process 5-6 in Figure 1 is an ideal isentropic process through which the working fluid expands and produces mechanical or electrical power. The expander used in this process is usually a turbine or a displacement expander. The working fluid then goes through the condenser to discharge low-grade heat to the environment, as shown by isobaric process 6-1 in Figure 1. A pump eventually compresses the working fluid back to state 2 through an ideal isentropic process 1-2. This process only requires a small amount of work compared to the rest of the cycle, thus the difference between 1 and 2 cannot be clearly identified on Figure 1 (b). In addition, state 7 indicates the location where saturated vapor occurs in process 6-1. However, since state 6 is already on the saturated vapor 5PDF Image | Working Fluid Selections in Organic Rankine Cycle ICE
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