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line, there is no difference between state 6 and 7 on Figure 1 (b). Further, line 8-9 and line 10-11 only show the simplified temperature profiles of the exhaust gas and the coolant (air), so there are no entropy indications for these two lines. 2.2. Working Fluid Selections There are hundreds of substances that can be adopted as the working fluid candidates in the ORC, including numerous pure substances and mixtures [4]. To narrow down the number of candidate working fluids and facilitate working fluid selection process, a review of the previous literatures regarding the use of working fluids in the ORC is necessary. Promising working fluid candidates, which will be tested in my model, are summarized at the end of this section. The focus of this section is on pure substances. 2.2.1. Previous research Previous research on the ORC used in connection with an internal combustion engine is summarized in this section. Due to the limitation of resources available, I used the review done by Sprouse and Depcik [1] as a guideline for this section. Major conclusions from the literature were mostly extracted from [1] instead of the original references because of limited access to the references. In 1976, Patel and Doyle [5] recovered the exhaust waste heat of a Mack 676 diesel engine in a long haul truck by an ORC using Fluorinol-50 as the working fluid. The operating temperature was between 650 °F (343.3 °C) at turbine inlet and 158 °F (70 °C) at condenser exit. They claimed a 13% increase in maximum power output along with a 15% improvement in fuel economy [1]. In 1985, Badr [6] documented a working fluid selection process for a Rankine cycle engine producing a low power (<10 kW) and operating between 40 °C and 120 °C. 67 prospective working fluids were evaluated, among which three superior candidates were R-11, R-113, and R- 114, while R-11 was identified to be unstable at temperature above 120 °C [1]. In 1995, Larjola [7] used an ORC with prototype high-speed oil free turbogenerator-feed pumps to recover heat from a 425 °C source. Among the several working fluids that he tested, toluene showed the best suitability. The toluene-based ORC had 26% efficiency compared to the 11-19% efficiency achieved by a steam Rankine cycle [1]. In 1997, Hung [8] evaluated the performance of six working fluids, benzene, ammonia, R-11, R- 12, R-134a, and R-113, by modeling to determine the maximum Rankine cycle efficiency at different turbine inlet temperatures. The result showed that benzene had the highest efficiency from 500-550 K (227 °C – 277 °C) [1]. 6PDF Image | Working Fluid Selections in Organic Rankine Cycle ICE
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