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As discussed by Bao and Zhao [4], isentropic or dry fluids can avoid liquid droplet impingent in the turbine blades during the expansion process without the need of being superheated. This can save the cost on the superheated apparatus and reduces the cycle complexity. Therefore, dry or isentropic fluids are more suitable for an ORC system. However, a very dry fluid can cause energy waste and add loads to the condenser, because it leaves the turbine with substantial “superheat” [3]. Thus, a fluid that is too dry should be avoided in the ORC. Chen, Goswami, and Stefanakos [3] summarized the classifications (dry, wet, and isentropic) of different fluids by two T-ξ charts, where T is temperature and ξ is defined as the inverse of the vapor saturation slope on a T-s diagram. Incorporating the results shown by these two charts and the considerations of latent hear, density and specific heat on the system performance, they proposed benzene, toluene, R-141b, R-123, R-21, R-245ca, R-245fa, R-236ea, R-142b, R-601, R-600 and R-600a as likely candidates for the ORC. 2.2.3. Environmental impact and safety aspects The major concerns regarding the environmental impact are the ozone depletion potential (ODP), global warming potential (GWP) and the atmospheric lifetime (ALT). The ODP and GWP represent substance’s potential contributions to ozone degradation and globe warming. Some working fluids that have already been phased out are R-11, R-12, R-113, R-114, and R-115. Some other working fluids are being phased out in 2020 or 2030, such as R-21, R-22, R-123, R- 124, R-141b and R-142b [3]. The fluid’s level of danger can be indicated by the ASHRAE refrigerant safety. In general, characteristics such as noncorrosive, non-flammable, and non-toxic are preferred. However, these characteristics are not always practically useful or critically necessary. Many substances that are considered flammable do not ignite if there is no ignition source around. Nevertheless, auto ignition is still a problem for longer alkanes at temperatures above 200 °C. The concentrations and explosion limits for these fluids should be taken into account for safety [3]. 2.2.4. Summary Combining the results from the previous three sections and Bao and Zhao’s work [4] (This work was described previously, but the detailed results were not presented for space economy.), I decided to further investigate nine working fluids, which are toluene, benzene, water, ethanol, R- 600a (p-xylene), R-245fa, R-245ca, R-123, and R-236ea. Water is a very wet fluid (refer to section 2.2.2), thus it may increase the cycle complexity because of the need of a superheater. However, water is the most commonly used working fluid in the Rankine cycle and can be used for comparisons with other working fluids. 9PDF Image | Working Fluid Selections in Organic Rankine Cycle ICE
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