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In 2013, Bao and Zhao [4] reviewed working fluid selections for ORC. They summarized selection criteria based on thermodynamic and physical properties, such as latent heat and boiling temperature. They proposed a table of recommended fluids for different applications, working conditions and performance indicators. Over the heat source temperature range of 320- 500 K (47-227 °C), 24 working fluids were recommended in their work. In short, previous researchers have done large amount of work on the ORC used in connection with internal combustion engines. However, the assumed operating conditions of the ORC and the results in their works vary largely. No single working fluid is suitable for all conditions. Therefore, rather than a further detailed study on why the results of these literatures vary largely, a simple statistical summary is more helpful to narrow down the working fluid selections. Based on this consideration, I summarized that the working fluids that were frequently investigated in the literatures are R-11, R12, R-113, R134a, R123, R-245ca, R-245fa, isobutane (R-600a), toluene, benzene, ethanol and water. The working fluids that have demonstrated the highest system efficiencies in the literatures are R-11, R-113, R-114, R-123, R-245fa, toluene, benzene, p-xylene, ethanol and water. Note that R-123 showed the best performance in three studies ([10], [12] and [15]). 2.2.2. Working fluids’ category The classification of the working fluid in an ORC as a dry, isentropic, or wet fluid is one of the most important characteristics of the working fluid [8]. This classification is according to the slope of the vapor saturation curve of the working fluid on a temperature-entropy (T-s) diagram. A dry fluid has a positive slope, a wet fluid has a negative slope, and an isentropic fluid has a nearly vertical (infinitely large) slope [4]. Figure 2 renders this classification by the T-s diagrams of candidate fluids with the saturated vapor curve shown in red. Figure 2. Three types of working fluids: dry, isentropic, and wet [3]. 8PDF Image | Working Fluid Selections in Organic Rankine Cycle ICE
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