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Thomas Tartière et al. / Energy Procedia 129 (2017) 2–9 3 2 Thomas Tartière / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 1. Introduction 1.1. Organic Rankine Cycle technology and applications The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) follows the same principles than the traditional steam Rankine cycle used in most thermal power plants to produce electricity, but uses an organic fluid instead of water. The possibility to select the best working fluid depending on the available heat source and the plant size results in multiple advantages: (i) more efficient turbomachinery, (ii) limited vacuum at condenser and (iii) higher performance compared to both steam Rankine cycles and gas cycles especially for heat sources lower than 400°C and power output lower than 20 MW [1, 2]. Working fluids can be selected from a long list of candidates including hydrocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, siloxanes and mixtures of these components [3]. These distinctive characteristics make ORC the most reliable option for unconventional heat sources like hot geothermal brines, biomass combustion, waste heat recovery from industrial processes and thermal solar applications. The principle of the ORC technology was established as early as 1826 by T. Howard [4] who first experimented the use of ether as working fluid in a power cycle. From this idea, several naphtha engines were built to power launches by Ofeldt and Esher Wyss AG. These engines remained confined to niche markets as they were involved in various accidents that hampered the growth of the ORC technology at that time. The first example of modern ORC was built by D’Amelio in 1936: this plant was based on a simple monochloroethane Rankine cycle heated by solar energy and powered by a single stage impulse turbine. In the following years, the same idea was applied to a couple of low-temperature geothermal plants with 2.6 kW and 11kW power output respectively. In the 1960’s, following D’Amelio considerations, Tabor and Bronicki at the National Physic laboratory of Israel started an extensive screening of potential fluids that highlighted the advantages of using high complexity freons and defined the regenerative saturated cycle configuration still widely in used today. Similar scientific researches were carried out by Professors Angelino, Macchi and Gaia at Politecnico di Milano. These experiences led to the design of several prototypes and to the founding of ORMAT (1964) and Turboden (1970), two companies that are still today the biggest players in the ORC market. Many other institutions contributed to the ORC technology like Laapeernanta University of Technology with the development of small sealed turboexpanders and City University of London with the study of volumetric expanders and the definition of innovative cycle configurations. In more recent years, many new companies have developed and implemented their own technology: Exergy (radial outflow turbine), Enertime and Enogia (medium to small axial turbines), TriOgen (direct evaporation units), Zuccato (radial inflow turbine), Electratherm, Opcon and E-Rational (screw expanders for small size applications). Multiple combinations of working fluid, expander or cycle configurations are possible, creating a dynamic industry with strong collaborations between industrial and academic partners. 1.2. Purpose and methodology The ORC technology is not very well-known and the number of power plants that are based on that technology is often underestimated. This prevents local governments from tabling favorable motions that would foster the development of this market, as a solution for carbon-free electricity generation. The objective of this work is to provide an overview of the ORC market, at the industrial level. As a result, small ORC plants at the lab scale or that are not connected to the grid have been ignored. An exception has been made for demo plants that are not commercial but have a significant power output of several hundreds of kilowatts / several megawatts. Manufacturer data from 27 companies, published articles and financial reports have been combined in order to build an accurate database of all ORC projects that have been commissioned since 1975. A map of all references is available at [5]. Some manufacturers do not publish their references and declined to take part to that survey. Therefore, this database is not 100% exhaustive. As of Feb 2017, we can consider that the remaining references do not represent more than 50 MW of total installed capacity, out of 2701 MW (1.9%). In large geothermal projects that combine steam and binary cycles, only the binary power production has been taken into account. Table 1 reports in alphabetical order the list of the ORC manufacturers that are included in the database with the number of installed units and the total installed capacity until December 31st, 2016.PDF Image | World Overview of the Organic Rankine Cycle Market
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