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Figure 3.1. Representation of the main steps in the thermally induced phase separation technique (TIPS). Reprinted with the permission of [58]. TIPS allows to produce membranes with excellent mechanical properties and a highly porous structure with slight pores distribution [57, 59]. As this technique involves just two reactants (solvent and polymer), the produced membranes show high reproducibility and low level of imperfections [60]. It is relevant to notice that the phase diagrams of the binary system (solvent and polymer) can be valuable to understand the thermodynamics of the system, and consequently allows to foresee the porous structure of the membrane [61]. 3.2 Nonsolvent induced phase separation The NIPS method (also known as immersion precipitation or Loeb - Sourirajan method) is broadly used to produce asymmetric porous structures [62]. The NIPS is a straightforwardand versatile technique that provides wider pore size distribution resulting in high-performance membranes. For the NIPS technique, polymer, solvent, and nonsolvent are necessary to produce the membranes [53]. Dissolution of the polymer at room temperature occurs, using the adequate solvent. The solution is then cast into a film, and afterwards, the membrane is placed in contact with a non-solvent bath (coagulation bath) such as water (Figure 3.2), which initiates an exchange between the solvent and the non-solvent - phase separation and phase inversion [57]. The nonsolvent must have a high affinity with the solvent and no affinity with the polymer, in this way, the phase inversion is induced to remove the solvent [62]. The NIPS technique usually employs solvents such as N-methyl- pyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylacetamide (DMAc), dimethylformamide (DMF), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) [63]. 7PDF Image | Synthetic Polymer-based Membrane for Lithium Ion
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