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formed and poured into a mould. Before phase separation, the solution is instantaneously cooled down to entrap the liquid in the structure. Later, solvent and water are removed by freeze-drying [81] – the space initially occupied with solvent originates the pores in the final structure [82]. Figure 3.5. Illustrates the steps involved in freeze extraction technique. Figure 3.5. The schematic diagram of a freeze extraction process. Reprinted with the permission of [69]. In freeze extraction, the phase separation occurs in a solid-liquid unmixing – frozen solvent and polymer phases. Once the frozen solvent is removed, an interchange between solvent and non-solvent occurs, and the polymeric porous structure is formed [79]. Usually, this technique is used when the material requires porosities >90%, and when control over pore size is also necessary for the intended application [69]. Porosity and pore structure can be controlled by polymer concentration, solvent, and water phase percentage, and freeze-drying parameters [83]. When compared with TIPS and NIPS techniques, the freeze extraction is less time consuming, spares energy and reagents, and presents easier scalability [82]. 11PDF Image | Synthetic Polymer-based Membrane for Lithium Ion
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
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