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10 Research (a) Boron sheet 10 nm (b) A B Ag(111) (e) 5 nm 1 nm 50 nm 100 nm (c) (d) 3 nm (f) (g) Figure 9: (a) Schematics of borophene growth. (b) STM topography pictures displaying striped-phase atomic-scale structure. (c) The sheets with striped phase and (d) homogeneous phase. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [25]. Copyright 2015 American Association for the Advancement of Science. (e) STM topography of β12 borophene, the atomic structure diagram of β12 borophene. (f) STM topography and atomic structure model of χ3 borophene. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [73]. Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society. (g) 3D STM topographic image. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [71]. Copyright 2016 Springer Nature Limited. Fortunately, boron holds an even smaller atomic radius than carbon, rendering the possibility of forming planar honey- comb borophene. Making the honeycomb borophene charming has three reasons. Firstly, in honeycomb lattice, the Dirac fer- mions have the similar electronic properties with group IV monoelemental-enes [81, 82]. Secondly, the honeycomb boron layer exists in MgB2 and it is just because of the hon- eycomb borophene that endows the high Tc superconduction [83]. Extraction of the honeycomb borophene would further optimize the superconductivity [49, 84]. Last but impor- tantly, boron atom possesses three valence electrons, endow- ing the electron deficiency in honeycomb borophene and thus the unstable nature, which happens to satisfy the biode- gradability need for biomedical applications. The electron deficiency of boron makes honeycomb bor- ophene challenging to be fabricated [69]. The honeycomb borophene can steadily exist in boride compounds (e.g., MgB2), which is because of the supplied electron for boron atoms from Mg atoms [85]. Li et al. successfully obtained the purely honeycomb, graphene-like borophene, through the way of using the Al(111) surface as the substrate; in the meantime, the molec- ular beam epitaxy (MBE) was also used which is grown in ultrahigh vacuum [69]. STM images apparently show the faultless monolayer borophene without buckled, planar honeycomb lattice alike as graphene in Figures 11(a) and 11(b). The line profile corresponding to the black line in Figure 11(a) is shown in Figure 11(c); the line profile corre- sponding to the green line in Figure 11(b) is shown in Figure 11(d). The honeycomb borophene on Al(111) is ener- getically firm which can be obtained by the theoretical calcu- lations. It is worth noting that almost one electron charge is shifted to every boron atom from the borophene/Al(111) 1.5 nmPDF Image | Two-Dimensional Borophene
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