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www.advancedsciencenews.com www.advenergymat.de Figure 3. Various triboelectric materials and their microstructures. a) The positive and negative materials used to manufacture WD-TENG. b) A SEM image of Al film surface modified by immersing it in hot deionized water at 120 °C for 20 min. Reproduced with permission.[80] Copyright 2014, Springer. c,d) SEM images of etched Al electrode and treated with fluoride with different magnifications. Reproduced with permission.[59] Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. The structure of e) a flexible Au-coated woven flag and f) a rigid PTFE counter plate. Reproduced with permission.[56] Copyright 2014, Nature Publishing Group. g) A SEM image of the FEP polymer nanowires. Reproduced with permission.[30] Copyright 2015, Elsevier. h) A SEM image of the PTFE surface with nanowire-like structures etched by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) process. Reproduced with permission.[61] Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society. i) Surface of PET film etched with ICP process. Reproduced with permission.[58] Copyright 2016, Wiley- VCH. j) A SEM image of the micro-pyramid-exposed polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) array. Reproduced with permission.[57] Copyright 2015, Elsevier. flexible rotor blade, and two stators. When wind is applied to the conventional wind cup, a flexible and soft polyester (PET) rotor blade with a PTFE film adhered at the end will periodi- cally sweep across the Al electrodes. In this process, the PTFE film consecutively contacts and separates from Al electrodes, serving as the basic process for generating electricity. Besides the flutter-driven structure and rotational structure, other novel WD-TENG structures have been exploited to sat- isfy the requirement in various complicated condition. In par- ticular, a miniaturized structure WD-TENG is necessitated in order to integrate the wind harvest with mobile devices. A thin film membrane based WD-TENG is a promising new genera- tion of wind energy harvester making both miniaturized device area and high performance come true. A vertically stacked thin- film WD-TENG was invented and the structure is illustrated in Figure 4e.[57] The WD-TENG includes two rigid Al electrodes and a vibrating membrane which consists of an intercalated Al film sandwiched by two micro-pyramid-exposed polydimethyl- siloxane (PDMS) on both the top and bottom sides. Air gaps between the Al electrodes and inner PDMS membrane are formed by placing spacers made of overlapped Kapton films. A narrow air gap is crucial to reduce device size, enhance effec- tive contact area, and increase mechanical robustness. Figure 4f shows three membranes can be arrayed in a row to enhance output power. If each of the WD-TENG is in the form of a cross stack, i.e., perpendicular to each other, bi-directional wind energy can be fully utilized. A lawn structure based, flexible and transparent WD-TENG, as displayed in Figure 4g, is presented to harvest energy from natural wind at arbitrary wind blowing direction.[58] A unit of vertically freestranding polymer strips is fabricated by a PET thin film coated with indium tin oxide (ITO) on one side. The laminar WD-TENGs are arrayed as a kelp forest morphology and each single strip can sway independently to achieve a con- tact-separation process to each other when natural wind passes by. Thus, each contact between two adjacent strips can deliver an output signal. Plenty of strips orderly stand to form an envi- ronmental wind energy harvesting system. This system offers a novel approach for scavenging wind energy as well as a solid step toward self-powered home technology. The flag structure which can be folded, bent, and even twisted in the air is considered as a novel strategy to harvest wind energy to take place the conventional wind turbine due to its high cost of manufacturing and installation. In addition, in some extreme environment, such as high-altitude places, tradi- tional wind power technology is no longer suitable for working. An innovative flag structure based freestanding woven WD- TENG is exploited to harvest high-altitude wind energy from Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 1702649 1702649 (5 of 13) © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, WeinheimPDF Image | Scavenging Wind Energy by Triboelectric Nanogenerators
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