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www.advancedsciencenews.com Table 1. A summary of triboelectric materials and output performance of various WD-TENGs. www.advenergymat.de Power [mW] Ref. 62.5 [61] 0.16 [25] 0.03 [28] 0.86 [56] – [29] 1.5 [33] – [32] – [63] 3.7 [31] 3.5 [34] – [30] 5.5 [81] 26 [15] – [58] 2.2 [59] – [62] 1.7 [35] Structures Rotational sweeping mode Single-side-fixed mode Rotational sweeping mode Single-side-fixed mode Single-side-fixed mode Single-side-fixed mode In-plane cycled sliding mode Double-side-fixed mode Single-side-fixed mode Single-side-fixed mode In-plane cycled sliding mode Double-side-fixed mode Double-side-fixed mode Lawn structure Double-side-fixed mode Flag structure Double-side-fixed mode Triboelectric materials Voltage Al and PTFE 250 Al and FEP 100 Al and PTFE 55 Au and PTFE 200 FTO and PTFE 36 Cu and PTFE 225 Cu and Kapton 320 Cu and PTFE 342 Al and PTFE 400 Cu and PTFE – Cu and FEP ≈15 Al and PTFE 334 Cu and FEP 375 ITO and PET 78 PA and FDCS 218 Ni and Kapton 40 Cu and FEP 51 [V] Current [μA] 250 1.6 – 60 4.1 23 3400 140 60 55.7 ≈6 67 260 16.3 30 30 40 arbitrary directions (Figure 4h).[62] Ni-coated polyester textiles (Ni belts) and Kapton film sandwiched Cu belts (KSC belts) are knitted together to form a woven structure. To be specific, the polyester is coated by Ni on both top and bottom sides, and all the Ni belts are connected as one electrode. Meanwhile, the Cu foil is covered by Kapton film on both sides, and all the KSC belts are connected as the other electrode. It is clear that an air gap is left in each woven unit between two electrodes to realize the contact-separation process driven by wind, leading to an output signal by a coupled effect of contact electrification and electrostatic induction. This flag structure based WD-TENG has great potential for applications at high altitude, for instance, weather/environmental sensing systems. 4. Output Performances and Enhancement of WD-TENG Output performance is one of the most important indicators, since it dramatically affects the application of WD-TENG. The materials and corresponding output performances of various WD-TENG are summarized in Table 1. The ranges of output voltage and current are 1.5–400 V (with a size of 22 × 10 × 67 mm3) and 1.6 μA to 3.4 mA (with a radius of 70 mm), respectively. It is well known that the contact area, as well as friction materials, can significantly influence triboelec- tric performance of TENG. Besides, the working modes also play an important role in harvesting wind energy. For instance, contact and noncontact working states were investigated to show the difference for the output performance and lifetime of the WD-TENGs.[60] The highest output performance can be observed from the contact state due to the constant surface charge generation and the most effective electrostatic induc- tion, while the surface wear can be effectively minimized, thus dramatically enhance the stability and lifetime for WD-TENG in noncontact free-rotating state. Device size, one of the most important parameters, deter- mines the output performances of WD-TENG to some degree. The relationship between the output properties and different sizes of the devices were investigated to achieve the largest output performance.[31] As shown in Figure 5a, the output voltage and current reach the maximum value at the height of 10 mm. Increasing the length of Kapton film, both output voltage and current improve consistently, where the length of the device is about 57 mm (Figure 5b). As depicted in Figure 5c, the output voltage approaches the largest value which is about 400 V, where the corresponding output current is about 60 μA. In addition, the working frequency linearly increases as the air- flow rate increases from about 7.5 to about 22 m s−1 (Figure 5d). Besides, the device width and the vibrating film thickness were also investigated to realize the largest output performance.[63] Although WD-TENG can attain a voltage as high as 400 V, it is still a challenge to obtain an output current high enough to satisfy the requirement of electric equipment. One of the prom- ising strategies to overcome the low output power is to inte- grate several WD-TENGs to enhance the output performance. The output voltage and short-circuit current of a single WD- TENG are displayed in Figure 5e,f.[63] After integrating ten rec- tified WD-TENG with the connections in parallel as presented in Figure 5g, the total output current can achieve as high as 550 μA compared to 160 μA which is the output current of a single WD-TENG (Figure 5h). However, because of the vertical oscillation of each point on the fluttering film, different parts of the film exert partially counteracting effects on the variation of electric potential, making WD-TENG suffer from a large dimin- ishment of electric output. As a consequence, another smart strategy of segmenting the electrode into a linear array of strip- shaped units with uniform width was developed, which can Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 1702649 1702649 (6 of 13) © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 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