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Figure 5. Demonstration of Tribo-Photovoltaic Generator (A–C) (A) Schematics of the ITO-coated glass/Si tribo-photovoltaic generator prototype. The Si substrate (p-type, 2.5–4 U cm) with a Al bottom electrode is mounted on a steel plate and driven in frictional contact with the ITO glass by a motor at the speed v of 3 cm/s. The irradiation is applied from the top. (B) and (C) show the VOC and ISC output of the generator. The pulsing signals are due to the linear reciprocal motion of the motor (inset). substrates enable tribo-photovoltaic power generation with a large area (1 3 1 cm in the demonstration). Figures 5B and 5C shows the VOC and ISC output of the generator, where the Si substrate was driven in frictional contact with the ITO glass by a motor at the speed v of 3 cm/s. Under illumination, VOC and ISC increased from $0.2 V to $0.35 V, and from 0.07 mA to 0.25 mA, respectively. Considering an illuminated area A of $19.6 mm2, JSC is estimated to be 13 mA/m2. The discrepancy in current density between the tip and ITO electrode may result from several reasons: first, the sharp tip configuration may concentrate the local pressure under the same contact force, which may result in more rigorous frictional interaction and give rise to the enhanced local electric field and current density output.19 In addition, the large area contact interface consists of single asperities (hot spots) with a large volume of void, making the ‘‘apparent’’ current density much less than that in a single tip-plane contact.36 This can be improved by intro- ducing a nanostructured interface enlarging the contact surface area. Meanwhile, flexible substrates such as semiconducting polymer, graphene-polymer nanocom- posite,20 and perovskite materials may be explored to function as the metal or semiconductor components, which is a promising direction toward wearable de- vices and for large-scale applications. Conclusion In summary, a strong synergetic effect between photo-excitation and interfacial electronic excitation at the MIS sliding point contact has been demonstrated. It was found that coupling between the friction- and photo-induced electric field could enhance the separation and transport of friction-/photo-excited e-h pairs. Compared with the pure tribo-tunneling d.c. output, both the voltage and current Matter 1, 650–660, September 4, 2019 657PDF Image | Separation and Quantum Tunneling of Photo- generated Carriers Using a Tribo-Induced Field Boosting
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