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SIMPLIFYING ASSUMPTIONS The purpose of this study is to present and explain the trends associated with steam injection in gas turbines such that they may be applied to the preliminary design of other systems. As a result, one limitation of this study is that the turbomachinery will remain unchanged from the simple-cycle configuration. Only external modifications to allow injection into the flowpath will be considered. In addition, the following simplifications are being made for this study: there are no pressure losses in the inlet and exhaust ducts or the heat exchanger and its exhaust stack; the speed of the spools cannot exceed 110% of their speeds at the dry design-point; and the surge margin the compressors cannot fall to below 50% of their values at the dry design-point. The latter two assumptions are restrictions that will need to be observed to some degree in any real engine; however, surge and overspeed limitations can be alleviated by changing the flow areas in the turbines. This alters the flow characteristics of the engine, although it can degrade dry performance. As noted, however, such modifications are beyond the scope of this study, so the surge and overspeed limits will remain as specified. For the heat exchanger, certain assumptions will be made in order to more simply illustrate the selection of the design point. First, the temperature of the water entering the heat exchanger (Tfw) and of the gas exiting it (Tsk) are assumed to be 100°C and 120°C, respectively, based on industrial guidelines (Noymer, 1992). Second, the sizing of the heat exchanger will be ignored, which means that the only requirement for the steam temperature is that it be less than the exhaust temperature. Although this temperature difference affects the size of the heat exchanger and the overall performance of the cycle, a minimal value is assumed to be adequate for the illustrative purposes of this paper. Finally, analytical functions for the enthalpies of air and steam are assumed to be sufficiently accurate for use in performing the energy-balance calculations (Gyftopoulos, 1991, and Noymer, 1992). THE EFFECTS OF STEAM INJECTION ON GAS- TURBINE PERFORMANCE Injecting steam at each of the three locations will uniquely affect the performance of the gas turbine. Given sonic ("choked") flow through the stators of each turbine, the response of the engine to steam injection is isolated to the components downstream of the injection location. It is because of this phenomenon that the effects of steam injection on performance for each location can be considered independently. Figures 3 and 4 show the effect that varying the amount of steam and the injection locations have on power output and overall efficiency. For 3 these cases, the temperature of the steam is 340°C, and the pressure of the steam is 3.0 MPa for HPT injection and 0.75 MPa for both LPT and PWT injection. w40 3R l aD w 2D 0m z z10 wU wa .. LPT INJECTION LL W 10 w Ww U z wa Jg z 012345 STEAM/INLET AIR BY MASS (PERCENT) FIGURE 3 NET POWER OUTPUT VS. STEAM INJECTION RATE (EFFECT OF INJECTION AT INDIVIDUAL LOCATIONS) >- C) zw iPa U- 012345 STEAM/INLET AIR BY MASS (PERCENT) FIGURE 4 OVERALL EFFICIENCY VS. STEAM INJECTION RATE (EFFECT OF INJECTION AT INDIVIDUAL LOCATIONS) Figure 3 shows that for every unit increment of steam (as a percentage of inlet air flow), the power output increases by an average of: 6.5% with HPT injection, 1.1% with LPT injection, and 1.2% with PWT injection. Figure 4 shows that for every unit increment of steam, the overall )TION Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 02/26/2015 Terms of Use: http://asme.org/termsPDF Image | Thermodynamic Design Considerations Steam injected gas turbines
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