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3 ENERGY-EFFICIENT PROCESSES MIXED-MATRIX-MEMBRANES Fig. 98: Process simulation of the separation of n-butane from methane when using a pure POMS membrane and when using a mixed-matrix membrane Life cycle assessments were also performed for a petrol vapour recovery unit equipped with a mixed-matrix membrane gas separation system. The LCA demonstrated that MMM technology produces environmental benefits when the electricity mix currently used in Germany is assumed. The membrane material manufactured in the pilot-scale trials was incorpo- rated into a membrane module with a membrane surface area of 8.6 m2. The module was then tested in a pilot plant at the HZG research centre. Slightly improved separation was observed, but the improvement was not as great as that measured earlier in the lab-scale tests. 3.9.3 Results During this project, the fabrication of mixed-matrix membranes from rub- bery polymers and activated carbon was successfully developed and then scaled-up for pilot-scale production. As far as we are aware, this is the first time that membranes of this type have been fabricated. Studying the influence of the operating parameters on separation perfor- mance indicated that when compared with conventional POMS polymer membranes, mixed-matrix membranes perform best at high feed and per- meate pressures, at low temperature and when the feed stream contains a large fraction of higher hydrocarbons, such as n-butane. These conditions result in a high mean fugacity of the higher hydrocarbons, which causes a strong rise in the permeance of the higher hydrocarbons. Compared with pure POMS membranes, the increase in the permeance of permanent gas- es such as methane is less pronounced, which leads to improved selectivity. Lab-scale studies also demonstrated the long-term stability of the MMMs developed in the project. While the initial pilot-scale tests confirmed the du- 246PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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