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021, 2, FOR PEER REVIEW 3 tial as a fuel additive for the aviation industry, responsible for 2% of the global CO2 emis- Sustain. Chem. 2021, 2 288 sions, is noteworthy because of its icing inhibition and de-icing properties, improving the storage stability of aviation fuels [21–23]. Figure 2. Glycerol ketalization with acetone to produce solketal and water. Figure 2. Glycerol ketalization with acetone to produce solketal and water. Glycerol valorization into solketal is attractive from the environmental and economical Glycerol valorization into solketal is attractive from the environmental and econom- perspectives [24]. The reaction conforms to several of the Green Chemistry principles; as all ical perspectives [24]. The reaction conforms to several of the Green Chemistry principles; the reactants are from renewable sources, the reaction can be catalyzed by a heterogeneous as all the reactants are from renewable sources, the reaction can be catalyzed by a hetero- catalyst and performed under mild conditions, the chemicals involved present relatively geneous catalyst alonwd tpoexrifcoitrymaenduthnedebry-mpriolduccotnodfithioenrse,atchtieonchiesmwiactaelrs. iFnuvrothlveermdoprree,sbeyntusing it as relatively low toxifcuietyl adndittivhe, bthyi-spcrohedmucictaol fisthreirnesaecrteiodninistwheatbeiro.fuFeulrpthroerdmucotrioen, bcyhauisni,ncgonstituting a mass and energy closed flow that complies with the Circular Economy Model and it as fuel additive, this chemical is reinserted in the biofuel production chain, constituting improves the carbon footprint and life cycle parameters. Economically, the by-product is a mass and energy closed flow that complies with the Circular Economy Model and im- dustry profitability [14,24,25]. valorized and capitalized on, once the selling price of crude glycerol is US$210–390/ton proves the carbon footprint and life cycle parameters. Economically, the by-product is (pre-pandemic scenario) and of solketal is around US$3000/ton, clearly enhancing the valorized and capitalized on, once the selling price of crude glycerol is US$210–390/ton industry profitability [14,24,25]. (pre-pandemic scenario) and of solketal is around US$3000/ton, clearly enhancing the in- Over the years, especially from 2015 on, numerous technologies have been proposed for the synthesis of solketal, notably concerning the use of heterogeneous catalysts and Over the yearcso,netisnpueocuiaslplyrofcreosmses2.0T1h5isorne,vnieuwmaeimrosutsotseucmhnmoalroizgeiethsehsaevnewbeceantaplyrsotpsoanseddthe Process forthesynthesisoInftesnoslkifiectatli,onostrabtelygiecsotnhcaetrhnaivnegbetheneiunvsesotifgahtedtefrorgseonlkeeotaulspcroadtaulcytsiotsn.aMndoreover,itis aimed to deeply explore the kinetic models usually proposed and explain the reasons why continuous processes. This review aims to summarize these new catalysts and the Process different models better describe the reaction behavior for each type of catalyst. Furthermore, Intensification strategies that have been investigated for solketal production. Moreover, it the works and the patents with proposed industrial plants for the production of this is aimed to deeply explore the kinetic models usually proposed and explain the reasons chemical are exposed, discussed, and compared to appoint solutions for the implementation why different models better describe the reaction behavior for each type of catalyst. Fur- of large-scale processes, a literature examination never reported before, to the authors’ thermore, the works and the patents with proposed industrial plants for the production knowledge. This work also briefly discusses the biofuel and glycerol markets and the of this chemical are exposed, discussed, and compared to appoint solutions for the imple- influence that the COVID-19 pandemic had and will have over it. mentation of large-scale processes, a literature examination never reported before, to the 2. Biodiesel Production and Glycerol Market authors’ knowledge. This work also briefly discusses the biofuel and glycerol markets and The International Energy Agency (IEA) foresee a global energy demand growth of 9% the influence that the COVID-19 pandemic had and will have over it. annually between 2019 and 2030 if the policies in the field are kept unchanged, slightly slower than in the pre-pandemics scenario when the expected growth rate was 12% [26]. 2. Biodiesel Production and Glycerol Market Nevertheless, it is imperative to invest in the use of renewable feedstocks, one of the most The International Energy Agency (IEA) foresee a global energy demand growth of disseminated principles of Green Chemistry, to control global warming [3]. 9% annually between 2019 and 2030 if the policies in the field are kept unchanged, slightly Considering the significant share on the oil demand of the transportation sector slower than in the(aplmreo-psta6n0d%e,maiscpsrsecveinouarsiloy swtahtend)t,hCeOeVxIpDe-c1t9edmgorboilwitythrersattreicwtioanss1d2e%ep[l2y6a].ffected the Nevertheless,itispimetrpoeleruatmivmetaorkientv,erestuirnntinhgetuhseeooilfcroenseuwmapbtlieonfeteodtshteoclekvse,losnoef2o0f1t2he[4m].oTshteexpected demand drop for gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel is 9%, 6%, and 26%, respectively, and disseminated principles of Green Chemistry, to control global warming [3]. numerous predictions foresee a smaller growth in the oil demand than expected prior to Considering the significant share on the oil demand of the transportation sector (al- the COVID-19 crisis and an anticipation to reach the oil demand plateau, as can be seen in most 60%, as previously stated), COVID-19 mobility restrictions deeply affected the pe- Figure 3 [4,26–28]. troleum market, returning the oil consumption to the levels of 2012 [4]. The expected de- mand drop for gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel is 9%, 6%, and 26%, respectively, and numer- ous predictions foresee a smaller growth in the oil demand than expected prior to the COVID-19 crisis and an anticipation to reach the oil demand plateau, as can be seen in Figure 3 [4,26–28].PDF Image | Continuous Valorization of Glycerol into Solketal
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