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Sustain. Chem. 2021, 2 289 Sustain. Chem. 2021, 2, FOR PEER REVIEW 4 Figure33. .GGlolboablaoliol diledmeamndanfodrefcoarsetc(asdta(patdedap; Steodur; cSeo: uRrycseta: dREynsteardgyErneeseragrychreasnedaracnhalaynsids)a[n29a]l.ysis) [29]. Theenenwewscesncaernioarailosoaimlspoaicmtspbiaocftuselbcionfusuemlpcotinonsuomncpetihoenyaornecbeletnhdeydwariethbfolesnsidledwith fuoeslssi.lTfuhuelss,.aTphroudsu,catiopnrocdonutcrtaicotnioncoonft1ra3%ctioisnexopfe1c3te%d,irseteuxrpniencgtetdo,trhetu2r0n17inlgevteolsthe2017 [27,30]. The pressure on the biofuel industry is not expected to diminish in the following levels [27,30]. The pressure on the biofuel industry is not expected to diminish in the years because of the lower oil prices caused by the demand reduction and the delay in the following years because of the lower oil prices caused by the demand reduction and the adoption of blending mandates to enable the fossil fuel industry to recover [4]. Neverthe- delay in the adoption of blending mandates to enable the fossil fuel industry to recover [4]. less, the predictions for the biofuel industry are still optimistic, as the demand for biofuel Nevertheless, the predictions for the biofuel industry are still optimistic, as the demand for is estimated to grow at a rate of 6.4% from 2020 to 2024, mainly explained by the increasing biofuel is estimated to grow at a rate of 6.4% from 2020 to 2024, mainly explained by the awareness of the environmental concerns and by the desire to avoid relying on the petro- increasing awareness of the environmental concerns and by the desire to avoid relying on leum industry [31]. the petroleum industry [31]. The environmental benefits of using biodiesel over traditional fossil fuels are note- The environmental benefits of using biodiesel over traditional fossil fuels are note- worthy: it is renewable, biodegradable, and non-toxic; it reduces CO, hydrocarbon (HC), worthy: it is renewable, biodegradable, and non-toxic; it reduces CO, hydrocarbon (HC), and nongaseous emissions; it produces no sulfur and no net CO2 (on a life cycle basis); andunsounalglya,sethoeuysheamveisasihoignhse;ritceptraondeuncuemsbneor asnudlfbuerttaenrdlunbroicnanet pCrOope(rotinesa, wlihfeichcyicsle basis); 2 abnendefuicsiualaflolyr,tthheemyahinatveenanhceigohfethrecentagnineen[u11m,3b2]e.rFaunrtdhebremttoerre,lbuibordiiceasneltplaronptsearrteieosf,-which is ten local, which reduces transport costs, create jobs, and aid local economies [32]. None- beneficial for the maintenance of the engine [11,32]. Furthermore, biodiesel plants are often theless, biodiesel also presents some disadvantages: it emits higher levels of nitrogen ox- local, which reduces transport costs, create jobs, and aid local economies [32]. Nonetheless, ides; engines may perform worse in severe winter temperatures when compared to petro- biodiesel also presents some disadvantages: it emits higher levels of nitrogen oxides; en- diesel and require adaptations for the use of biodiesel; the energy content is lower than gines may perform worse in severe winter temperatures when compared to petrodiesel and petrodiesel; and biodiesel can present considerable variations depending on which raw require adaptations for the use of biodiesel; the energy content is lower than petrodiesel; material is used to manufacture it. Part of these disadvantages, however, such as perfor- and biodiesel can present considerable variations depending on which raw material is mance in cold weather and less energy content, is dampened with the use of fuel additives, used to manufacture it. Part of these disadvantages, however, such as performance in such as solketal [32]. cold weather and less energy content, is dampened with the use of fuel additives, such as The decline in the CO2 emissions caused by the slowdown of the economy and by the solketal [32]. mobility restrictions is estimated to reach between 4.2 and 7.5%, a level that would enable ustoTsthayebdelcolwintehien1t.5he°CCwOa2rmeminigsslimonitsdceafuinsedibnythtehPeasrlioswAdgroewemneonftt[h3e3]e.cNoenaorlmyyhaalfnd by the mofothbeilditeycreassteriicntieomnsisissioensstimsactceoduntoterdeafocrhsubreftawceetrnan4s.2poarntadti7o.n5.%Th,aislneevwelstcheantarwiooius,ldenable ◦ uatstthoestaamyebteimloew,cthhaelle1n.5ginCg,wbeacramusinegitlriemveitaldsetfihneemdaginitthuedePaofritsheAcghraenegmesenthta[t3w3]o.uNldearlyhalf have to be established to control the emissions, and appealing, as it disclosed part of the of the decrease in emissions is accounted for surface transportation. This new scenario is, path that governments, companies, and citizens would have to follow to control global at the same time, challenging, because it reveals the magnitude of the changes that would warming [33]. have to be established to control the emissions, and appealing, as it disclosed part of the The biofuel industry is divided into two main products: ethanol and biodiesel. The path that governments, companies, and citizens would have to follow to control global primary use of ethanol is as a blending agent, as it has the capacity of increasing fuel ox- warming [33]. ygen content, which enhances the combustion process and releases less CO and HC into The biofuel industry is divided into two main products: ethanol and biodiesel. The the atmosphere [34]. Since ethanol is mainly employed as a blending agent for gasoline, primary use of ethanol is as a blending agent, as it has the capacity of increasing fuel mostly used in passengers’ cars, its market has felt more the effects of the pandemic, with oxygen content, which enhances the combustion process and releases less CO and HC into the atmosphere [34]. Since ethanol is mainly employed as a blending agent for gasoline, mostly used in passengers’ cars, its market has felt more the effects of the pandemic, with a demand reduction of 15% [30]. As for biodiesel, it is primarily used for rail transport of goods, a less-affected sector when compared to personal mobility, with an estimated contraction of 6%, less than half of the predicted contraction for ethanol [30]. The aviationPDF Image | Continuous Valorization of Glycerol into Solketal
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