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Sustain. Chem. 2021, 2, FOR PEER REVIEW 5 Sustain. Chem. 2021, 2 290 a demand reduction of 15% [30]. As for biodiesel, it is primarily used for rail transport of goods, a less-affected sector when compared to personal mobility, with an estimated con- traction of 6%, less than half of the predicted contraction for ethanol [30]. The aviation and and marine sectors are the less developed in terms of using renewable sources of energy, marine sectors are the less developed in terms of using renewable sources of energy, re- responsible for less than 0.01% in 2018 [35]. The US production predictions for all types of sponsible for less than 0.01% in 2018 [35]. The US production predictions for all types of biofuelsiiseexxhhibibitietdedininFiFgiugruer4e, 4in, iwnhwichitchet“hoeth“eorthbieorfubeiolsf”ucealste”gcoartyergeoferyrsrteofethrse tfuoetlhse fuels of the aviiattiionnaannddmmarairnienseescetocrtso.rs. Figure 4. Predictions for the US production market of biofuels (Source: U.S. Energy Information Figure 4. Predictions for the US production market of biofuels (Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2020) [36]. Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2020) [36]. The global glycerol supply is secure, as this chemical has been, for years, more pro- The global glycerol supply is secure, as this chemical has been, for years, more duced than demanded. The reason why the market felt the effects of the COVID-19 crisis produced than demanded. The reason why the market felt the effects of the COVID- was not because there was a global lack of glycerol, but because of the logistics involved 19 crisis was not because there was a global lack of glycerol, but because of the logistics in delivering it to the countries where it was required, especially with the closure of the involved in delivering it to the countries where it was required, especially with the closure borders [14]. The main segments that exploit glycerol are personal care and chemical in- of the borders [14]. The main segments that exploit glycerol are personal care and chemical termediates, the difference between them is that the first requires refined glycerol, and in intermediates, the difference between them is that the first requires refined glycerol, and many applications of the second, less purified glycerol can be used [13]. Due to its physi- in many applications of the second, less purified glycerol can be used [13]. Due to its cochemical properties (colorless, odorless, viscous, biodegradable, and non-toxic liquid) physicochemical properties (colorless, odorless, viscous, biodegradable, and non-toxic and three hydroxyl groups that can be easily replaced by other groups, glycerol is a reac- liquid) and three hydroxyl groups that can be easily replaced by other groups, glycerol is tive molecule frequently used as a platform chemical [15,37]. Some of the products de- arirveadcftrivome mgloylcecruoleanfrdeqthueeirnrtelyspuescetidveasyanpthleastifsoromutcehseamreiecxahl i[b1i5te,3d7i]n. SFoigmuree6o5f. the products derived from glycerol and their respective synthesis routes are exhibited in Figure 5. Sustain. Chem. 2021, 2, FOR PEER REVIEW Figure 5. Glycerol valorization reactions (reprinted from Springer Nature, Juan A. Cecilia, Cristina Figure 5. Glycerol valorization reactions (reprinted from Springer Nature, Juan A. Cecilia, Cristina García-Sancho, Pedro J. García-Sancho, Pedro J. Maireles-Torres et al., Industrial Food Waste Valorization: A General Maireles-Torres et al., Industrial Food Waste Valorization: A General Overview, 253–277, Copyright 2021, with permission from Elsevier) [38]. Overview, 253–277, Copyright 2021, with permission from Elsevier) [38]. An intensive search has been occurring for glycerol valorization routes. The use of refined and crude glycerol has been reported for the production of biofuels, such as hy- drogen, ethanol, and methanol [16,37,39]; fuel additives, such as glycerol ethers, esters, and formal (mix of solketal and acetal) [16,19,40]; and as a precursor for several other chemicals that can compete with petroleum products [15,18,37,39].PDF Image | Continuous Valorization of Glycerol into Solketal
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