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Energies 2021, 14, 2406 8 of 26 3.4. Technologies for CO2 Capture Figure 7 shows technical approaches available for CO2 separation and capture. Figure 7. Technical options for CO2 capture processes (adapted from Songolzadeh, Ravanchi and Soleimani [21]). The most common process used to separate the CO2 from natural gas, refinery off- gases, and synthesis gas processing is absorption technology [39]. This is characterized by using a liquid/solvent that selectively absorbs CO2 from a gas stream. Afterwards, the solvent can be regenerated through a stripping or regenerative process by heating and/or pressurization [40]. Absorption processes can be chemical absorption, used in pre-combustion or post-combustion capture, or physical absorption, primarily used in pre-combustion capture. Selexol (with dimethyl ethers of polyethylene glycol solvent), Rectisol (with methanol solvent), and Purisol (with N-methyl-2-pyrolidone as solvent) are the most common physical processes. Typical chemical solvents are primary amines such as monoethanolamine (MEA) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), secondary amines such as diethanolamine (DEA), and ternary amines such as methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) [39,41]. However, in this type of process, gas streams are required at high pressure. Plants for CO2 capture with processes based on chemical absorption using MEA solvent were developed over 75 years ago to remove acidic gas impurities like H2S and CO2 from natural gas streams. Afterwards, the process was adapted to treat flue gas streams, and with this technology, about 85 to 95% of the CO2 is captured, and a product stream of CO2 can be produced with a purity higher than 99% [42]. The major challenges for CO2 capture from flue gases by absorption processes are the sizeable volumetric flow rates at atmospheric pressure with large amounts of CO2 at low partial pressures (10–15% of CO2) at 40 ◦C. Then, the process presents several disadvantages, which are the high energy consumption due to the high thermal energy required, around 4.0 GJ/t of CO2 captured [41] (considering 30 wt% MEA and 90% CO2 removal), the presence of SOx and NOx contaminants, and the high oxygen partial pressure, which hinders the implementation of amine absorption process [43]. Besides, it leads to corrosive product formation due to the solvents’ thermal and oxidative solvent degradation. There are many studies about processual alternatives to reduce the costs involved in power plants to reduce the operating costs. Besides the physical and chemical absorption methods discussed above, other methods could be implemented, as verified in Figure 7. Gas separation through adsorption processes can be used in pre- and post-combustion capture and are promising alternative separation techniques characterized by solid ad- sorbents capable of reversibly capturing CO2. Novel adsorbent materials for CO2 capture with specific properties can adsorb large amounts of CO2 to be used or stored, being these materials instruments for CO2 utilization and storage. Adsorbents are porous solids and have a large surface area per unit mass. Each type of molecule or component creates different interactions with the adsorbent surface, leading to an eventual separation [44].PDF Image | Current Developments of Carbon Capture Storage
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