PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 005
nucleophilic (Nu) attack byoxygen atom to act as a nucleophile (cycle 1, first step) or an electrophilic attack by carbon atom to act as an electrophile (cycle 2, second step). The epoxide can be activated readily by interacting the oxygen atom with Lewis acid (LA), followed by a nucleophilic attack, promoting epoxide ring opening (cycle 2, first step). Thus, most of the catalytic systems used for CO2 Processaesd2d0i2t0io, n8, i5n4t8o epoxides contain Lewis acid sites (LA) for the later electrophilic activation of epoxide5 of 22 [18]. Intermediate (1) Intermediate (2) Intermediate (4) Intermediate (3) FiguFrieg4u.reR4e.aRcetiaocntiomn emcehcahnainsitsitcicppaaththways of cycllooaadddititoinonofoefpeopxoidxeidweitwh iCthO2C. O2 . CycleCy1cdlee1mdoenmsotrnasttersattehsethaectaicvtaivtaiotinonoof fCCO2 throughnnuuclceloepohpihliicliacttatctkactko ftormforamn inatnerimntedrimatediate 2 (1), which later promotes epoxide ring opening (the presence of Lewis acid (LA) site may facilitate (1), which later promotes epoxide ring opening (the presence of Lewis acid (LA) site may facilitate the ring opening), leading to the second intermediate (2). Then, cyclization occurs to produce a cyclic the ring opening), leading to the second intermediate (2). Then, cyclization occurs to produce a cyclic carbonate while the nucleophile is recycled for a new catalytic cycle. Furthermore, cycle 2 carbonate while the nucleophile is recycled for a new catalytic cycle. Furthermore, cycle 2 demonstrates demonstrates a commonly proposed pathway through activation of epoxide. The Lewis base a commonly proposed pathway through activation of epoxide. The Lewis base compounds, such as compounds, such as quaternary ammonium halide salts and phosphonium salts [16], acting as quaternary ammonium halide salts and phosphonium salts [16], acting as nucleophiles attack the epoxide nucleophiles attack the epoxide to enable ring opening, producing an intermediate (3), which may be to enable ring opening, producing an intermediate (3), which may be assisted by a Lewis acid (LA) assisted by a Lewis acid (LA) species in proximity to metal centers. Subsequently, upon ring opening, species in proximity to metal centers. Subsequently, upon ring opening, the CO insertion occurs in the CO2 insertion occurs in the metal–alkoxide bond of the intermediate, pr2oducing a new the mientaelr–maelkdoiaxtied(e4)b. oTnhde coyfctlhizeatiinotneromf tehdeiaintete,rpmreodiuatceinpgroadnuecews cinyctelircmcaerdbioanteat(e4a).s Tthefcinyaclipzraotdiouncto, f the and nucleophile is recycled for further reaction. intermediate produces cyclic carbonate as the final product, and nucleophile is recycled for further reaction. 3. Catalysts for Cycloaddition of Epoxide with CO2 3. Catalysts for Cycloaddition of Epoxide with CO2 Figure 5 displays the classification of catalyst for cycloaddition of epoxide with CO2. The Figure 5 displays the classification of catalyst for cycloaddition of epoxide with CO2. The contents contents are outlined following the classification. are outlined following the classification. 6 of 22 Processes 2020, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW Figure 5. Classification of catalysts for cycloaddition of epoxide with CO2. Figure 5. Classification of catalysts for cycloaddition of epoxide with CO2. 3.1. HomogeneousCatalyst Homogeneous catalysis generally involves the catalyst and reactant presenting together in the same phase (generally liquid). Homogeneous catalytic systems usually display the most active high conversion and selectivity. On the contrary, for the heterogeneous catalytic system, the catalyst is usually in a solid form while the reactant can be in liquid or gas phases. Usually, the heterogeneousPDF Image | Green Pathway Utilizing CO2 Cycloaddition Reaction Epoxide
PDF Search Title:
Green Pathway Utilizing CO2 Cycloaddition Reaction EpoxideOriginal File Name Searched:
processes-08-00548.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |