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CHAPTER LITERATURE STUDY 13 2.3 Phasing out o f CFCsI HCFCs and HFCs. This section will discuss the progress around the world towards the phasing out of CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs. The Montreal and Kyoto Protocols leading to the phasing out of the above-mentioned refrigerants will also be looked at. The phasing out of conventional refrigerants has a greater impact on industries around the world than can be imagined. Evidence that the ozone layer was getting thinner because of man-made chemicals was overwhelming in the 1980's. In 1985 the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) coordinated the Vienna convention which provided the framework for the Montreal Protocol (UNEP, 2007). In 1987, the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer (UNEP 1987) was brought about (McQuay, 2002). In the United States the production of CFCs was stopped at the end of 1995 due to the requirements of the Montreal Protocol enforced on developed countries. According to the Montreal Protocol, HCFCs are to be phased out by up to 65% by 2010, up to 90% by 2015 and fully by 2030 in developed countries (McQuay, 2002). According to Thonon (2006), the phasing out of R-22 is scheduled for 2011. A framework on climate change was formed by the United Nations in the 1990's. Since 1992 over 172 countries including the U.S. ratified this agreement. In 1997 the international agreement was signed in Kyoto, Japan, hence the name Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol strives to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 5.2% from 2008 to 2012. Each country is left with the responsibility to reduce carbon dioxide emissions on their own. So far only the United Kingdom and Germany are on track to meet their goals (McQuay, 2002). So far all CFCs are banned and out of production. HCFCs are still used but are already being replaced by HFCs, and HCFCs are to be phased out entirely by 2015. Restrictions on phasing out HFCs are already being put into place. The public only took notice of the potential problems when the European Parliament voted for the phasing out of refrigerants universally to be used in automotive air conditioning on March 2004 (Bullard, 2004-5). A Techno-Economical Analysis of a CO2 Heat Pump. School ofMechanical Engineering, North-West UniversityPDF Image | CO2 HEAT PUMP Analysis
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
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