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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE STIJDY 14 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ... - - - - High restrictions are being put on Denmark for phasing out HFCs. HFCs were to be phased out since 1 January 2007 with the following exceptions (Danfoss, 2002a): • Systems with up to 10 kg charge are allowed. • Hermetically sealed air conditioners of up to 50kg are allowed. • Cooling in mobile transport is allowed. • Medical and lab equipment. • Equipment on ships and used in the military are still allowed. Non-compliance with these laws could incur hefty fines. Switzerland was to start phasing out HFCs since 1 January 2003. Uses of HFCs are granted only where there is no replacement technology available. A license is needed to operate systems with more than 3kg charge HFC, and only if no substitutes are available. Norway will need to pay duty and a deposit if it is looking to use an HFC system. Germany is phasing out HFCs as well (Danfoss, 2002a). From the article, NRTB (2005) it is quoted: "the Conservatives are committed to phasing out the use of hydro fluorocarbons, or HFCs, between 2008 and 2014". He continued, saying that "HFCs have solved one problem they do not damage the ozone layer. But they have caused another - they contribute significantly to global warming. Their impact is some thousands of times greater than CO2• HFCs currently account for two percent of the UK's greenhouse gas emissions and that will have doubled by the end of the first decade of the twenty first century". The phasing out of all refrigerants including HFCs, which was thought to be the solution, is happening all around. Soon these refrigerants will not be produced any more and components for the use in these systems will not be produced either. From this we can make the assumption that if Europe, the U.S. and other developed countries continue with the phasing out of these refrigerants, the rest of the world will have to follow, whether they are required to or not. All off the above created doubt about the long-term availability of HFCs. No profitable business who wants to remain successful can afford to be caught unprepared because of legislation banning the SUbstances which playa key role in their products. Therefore the need for a replacement refrigerant is of great significance (Fleming et a/., 1992). A Techno-Economical Analysis of a COl Heat Pump. School of Mechanical Engineering, North-West UniversityPDF Image | CO2 HEAT PUMP Analysis
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