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Table 1 Characteristics of some refrigerants ODP/GWPc Flammability/toxicity Molecular mass (kg/kmol) Normal boiling pointd (8C) Critical pressure (MPa) Critical temperature (8C) Reduced pressuree Reduced temperaturef Refrigeration capacityg (kJ/m3) First commercial use as a refrigerant [14] R-12 1/8500 N/N 120.9 2 29.8 4.11 112.0 0.07 0.71 2734 1931 R-22 0.05/1700 N/N 86.5 2 40.8 4.97 96.0 0.10 0.74 4356 1936 R-134a 0/1300 N/N 102.0 2 26.2 4.07 101.1 0.07 0.73 2868 1990 R-407Ca 0/1600 N/N 86.2 2 43.8 4.64 86.1 0.11 0.76 4029 1998 R-410Ab 0/1900 N/N 72.6 2 52.6 4.79 70.2 0.16 0.79 6763 1998 R-717 0/0 Y/Y 17.0 2 33.3 11.42 133.0 0.04 0.67 4382 1859 R-290 R-744 0/3 0/1 Y/N N/N 44.1 44.0 M.-H. Kim et al. / Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 30 (2004) 119–174 121 Nomenclature COP coefficient of performance cp specific heat, kJ/kg K Teai evaporator air inlet temperature, 8C Tex refrigerant temperature at the exit of gas cooler, 8C T0 evaporating temperature, 8C TEWI total equivalent warming impact V volume, m3 Vc outdoor air flow rate, m3/min Ve indoor air flow rate, m3/min v specific volume, m3/kg w specific compressor work, kJ/kg x quality 1 effectiveness his isentropic efficiency k thermal conductivity, W/m K l volumetric efficiency m viscosity, kg/m s p pressure ratio r density, kg/m3 s surface tension, N/m Fc compressor torque, N m 2 G mass flux, kg/m s GWP global warming potential h enthalpy, kJ/kg HPF heating performance factor HSPF heating seasonal performance factor HX heat exchanger IHX internal heat exchanger (suction-line liquid-line heat exchanger) L internal heat exchanger length, m LMTD log mean temperature difference, 8C or K m refrigerant charge, kg mr refrigerant mass flow rate, g/s NTU number of transfer unit ODP ozone depletion potential P pressure, bar or MPa pm mean effective pressure, bar Pr Prandtl number Subscripts Q capacity, kW q heat flux, kW/m2 q0 specific refrigeration capacity, kW/kg qv volumetric refrigeration capacity, kJ/m3 RH relative humidity, % s entropy, kJ/kg K SPF seasonal performance factor T temperature, 8C or K f liquid g vapor max maximum opt optimum pseudo pseudocritical state ref reference point 2 42.1 4.25 7.38 96.7 31.1 0.11 0.47 0.74 0.90 3907 22545 ? 1869 2 78.4 a Ternary mixture of R-32/125/134a (23/25/52, %). b Binary mixture of R-32/125 (50/50, %). c Global warming potential in relation to 100 years integration time, from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). d ASRAE handbook 2001 fundamentals. e Ratio of saturation pressure at 0 8C to critical pressure. f Ratio of 273.15 K (0 8C) to critical temperature in Kelvin. g Volumetric refrigeration capacity at 0 8C.PDF Image | CO2 Vapor Compression Systems
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