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through controls and smart electronic integration, minimization of heat exchanger temperature differences, and other measures. To address the direct effect, equipment can be designed to use alternative low GWP refrigerants and/or to reduce emissions. These types of improvements are driven either by cost, product innovation or by enforced standards, requirements or legislation. Environmental sustainability, including efficiency and refrigerant management considerations, can be achieved at different levels in the design phase, by taking the following technical and regulatory criteria into consideration: Technical considerations Technical factors that affect the selection of the right refrigerant for a sustainable circular economy include refrigerant properties, climate impact, energy efficiency, refrigerant cost, commercial availability, high ambient temperature fitness, safety and flammability, while: - Meeting customer design requirements, including the proper specification of annual cooling/heating demands; - Minimising refrigerant usage and selecting alternative refrigerants that meet energy efficiency requirements; - Integrating the technical equipment design into larger systems or a whole building design by e.g. utilising the heat rejected by a refrigeration system for e.g. heating or hot water purposes or by incorporating thermal energy storage; - Evaluating targets of competing nature in the decision-making process: low first cost versus high efficiency. Regulatory considerations The EU commission has proposed a targeted improvement of legislation on hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (EC, 2015a) as part of an action plan for the Circular Economy in the EU (EC, 2015b). This initiative ties with regional priorities by supporting long- term competitiveness with innovative production and consumption models, saving energy and avoiding the overuse of natural resources. A recent report also points at the wider benefits of the circular economy, including lowering current carbon dioxide emission levels. The revised legislative proposals on waste set clear targets for the reduction of waste and establish an ambitious and credible long-term path for waste management and recycling. Key elements of the revised waste proposal include: - A common EU target for recycling 65% of municipal waste and 75 % of packaging waste by 2030; - A ban on landfilling of separately collected waste; - Economic incentives for producers to put greener products on the market and support recovery and recycling schemes, including the ones related to refrigeration and air conditioning equipment. Decisions in the design phase are often influenced by competing goals: low investments vs. installation of an energy efficiency system, which typically result in higher first costs. Therefore, first costs are conflicting with the goal to invest in a high energy efficient system, although the operating costs of an efficient system quickly amortize any additional costs associated with the purchase; they therefore also reduce the greenhouse gas emissions during the lifetime of the system. To resolve this conflict between low first cost, operating cost and refrigerant emissions, new financing methods and evaluation criteria for the technical operation of systems are being developed -- in terms of their contribution to the environment.. These financial mechanisms can contribute significantly to the reduction of energy consumption and refrigerant emissions and in this way to improving the system design. In order to be really relevant, these mechanisms must be able to account for an adequate balance between life cycle cost and LCCP/TEWI. 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 223PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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