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Figure 11-3 depicts how the circular economy affects an industrial ecosystem. The capital and product flows are the only two parameters that are allowed to increase while all other flows or parameters should decrease with time. Waste from production must be recovered and reused whenever possible; greenhouse gas and other harmful emissions as well as chemical waste must be minimised. Supply of clean water is a major problem in many parts of the world; the use of potable water in refrigeration systems therefore has to be minimised. The amount of raw products used should be reduced or minimised. The circular economy approach aims to decrease the use of natural resources with increased efficiency, so the usage of primary energy will be reduced at the same time. Figure 11-3: The circular economy and the flows to and from an industrial plant 11.7.2 Sustainability within refrigeration and air-conditioning servicing In addition to conserving resources and reducing environmental impacts, the proper servicing of equipment affects sustainability in other ways. With the wider use of flammable and potentially toxic refrigerants, proper servicing procedures — including recovery, recycling and reclamation — need to be established and adhered to in order to protect service technicians as well as the local population. With the growing use of hydrocarbon and other flammable refrigerants, handling must be done with care throughout the lifecycle of the equipment, from design through disposal, especially by servicing personnel. Due to the flammability and possible decomposition of refrigerants, new recovery devices have been designed with spark-proof components and these should be selected over other devices not designed in that way. For hydrocarbon refrigerants venting during service might be the local norm for small charge systems, which may be legal due to minimal environmental impacts, if applied, it must be done with care. Training and recommended practices have been developed for servicing equipment with flammable refrigerants (e.g., RSES 2011, AIRAH 2013, AHAM 2016). Care is also required when servicing equipment containing HFOs. Many of these compounds, and some blends containing them, are flammable and care is needed. Venting flammable refrigerants is hazardous. Hydrogen fluoride and other chemicals that are all highly toxic, will be produced when HFC, HCFC, CFC and HFO refrigerants burn or decompose, even at temperatures below ignition temperature (JRAIA, 2017). This means that 224 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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