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Energies 2019, 12, 457 3 of 35 Therefore, the evaporator functions similarly to heat the absorption process in a conventional vapor Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 33 compression HP system. During the heat rejection process, the refrigerant changes its phase at a coynclsetsa,nthtemrepfreirgaetruarnet itnemthpeersautbucrreitidceaclrceyasceless cwonhteinreuaosu, silny ttheroturagnhsocurittitchael chyecaltesr,ejtehcetiorenfrpigreorcaensst twemithpoeurattaurephdaescerecahseasngcoe.ntAinltuhousglyhtlhartoeungthhoeuatthexecheaantgrejeisctaionnepfrfoicciesnstwhietahtoutrtaanspfheraspeactha,ntghe. AsultpheorucrgithiclaltepnrotpherattiesxochfaCnOg2emisaakneietfaficviieanbtlehceantdtriadnastfeefropratrthan,sthcreitsiucapleHrcPristiycsatlemprso.pHeortwieesvoefr,CinOa 2 mtranksecirtitaicvailacbyleclcea,nthdeidpartessfouretrdanifsfecrietnicaelbHePtwseyesntehmesa.tHaboswoerpvetiro,ninaandtrahnesactrrietijceaclticoynclies,mthuecphrhesigsuhreer dthifafneraentcyepibceatlwseuebncrhiteiactalabcysoclrep,twiohniachndrehseualtsreinjecstiigonifiiscamnutcthehrimghoedrytnhamniactlyopssiceaslisnutbhcerietixcpaalncysicolen, wprhoicehssr.eTsuhletslairngesipgrneisfiscuarnetdtihfferrmenocdeymnamkeisc iltofsesaesibilne toheuseexpexapnsainosniopnrwocoersks.reTcohveelrayrgdevpircessiunrea dtriaffnesrcernitciecamlackyecslei,twfehaiscibhlecatonupsaerteixapllayncsoiomnpwenosraktreefcorvethryedthervoicttelsining alotsrsaensscinrittihcaeltcryacnlsec,rwitihciaclhCcaOn2 pcyacrlteia[l1ly0]c.oInmtphencsoamtepforerstshioenthprrotctleisnsg, tlhoessceosnivnetnhteiotnralnsucrbictirciatilcCalOcyclyecolepe[1r0a]t.esInathaepcroemsspuresrsaiotino 2 purpoctoesesi,gthte,wcohnevreanstitohneatlrasunsbcriittiicallccyyccleleooppeeraratetessatataaprpersessusruererartiaotiwoiuthpintotheeigrhatn,gwehoefrteharseethtoe tfroaunrs[c1r1it]i.cSaul chyclloewocpoemraptersesastioan prarteisossuarerercaotinodwuciitvheinfotrheacrhainevgiengofhtihghreeisetnotrfopuirc [e1f1f]ic. ieSnuccyhinloawn cHoPmspyrsetsesmio.n ratios are conducive for achieving high isentropic efficiency in an HP system. (a) (b) Figure 1. P–h diagrams: (a) Subcritical cycle and (b) Transcritical cycle. Reproduced with permission from [12]. Elsevier, 2011. 3. CO2 Heat Pump Component Modifications 3. CO2 Heat Pump Component Modifications Performance of a CO2 HP depends on the components as a whole. However, individual Performance of a CO2 HP depends on the components as a whole. However, individual component design and performance has an impact on the overall performance. Although the component design and performance has an impact on the overall performance. Although the interdependency among the components does not allow for isolated improvement of each component, interdependency among the components does not allow for isolated improvement of each efforts need to be taken to improve the design of components and evaluate their contribution to the component, efforts need to be taken to improve the design of components and evaluate their overall HP performance. contribution to the overall HP performance. Exergy analysis (2nd law analysis) of the CO HP components can provide understanding on nd 2 Exergy analysis (2 law analysis) of the CO2 HP components can provide understanding on which a component is more sensitive for overall HP performance improvement. Yang et al. [13] which a component is more sensitive for overall HP performance improvement. Yang et al. [13] employed an exergy analysis to identify the location and quantify irreversibility (exergy loss) in each employed an exergy analysis to identify the location and quantify irreversibility (exergy loss) in each component. They found that both the throttle valve and gas cooler contributed to a major irreversibility component. They found that both the throttle valve and gas cooler contributed to a major with each contributing a maximum of 38% followed by the compressor, which recorded 35% of the irreversibility with each contributing a maximum of 38% followed by the compressor, which total cycle irreversibility. Robinson et al. [14] carried out a similar study based on 2nd law analysis recorded 35% of the total cycle irreversibility. Robinson et al. [14] carried out a similar study based and reported that the expansion valve had the highest exergy loss followed by the compressor, the gas on 2nd law analysis and reported that the expansion valve had the highest exergy loss followed by the cooler, and the evaporator. compressor, the gas cooler, and the evaporator. In contrast, Sarker et al. [15] and Bai et al. [16] found that the maximum exergy loss occurred at In contrast, Sarker et al. [15] and Bai et al. [16] found that the maximum exergy loss occurred at the compressor followed by the gas cooler/the evaporator. Similarly, Ghazizade-Ahsaee et al. [17] the compressor followed by the gas cooler/the evaporator. Similarly, Ghazizade-Ahsaee et al. [17] reported that the most exergy destruction happened in the compressor and the other components had reported that the most exergy destruction happened in the compressor and the other components a relatively low exergy destruction rate. had a relatively low exergy destruction rate. Hence, the HP system’s performance can be improved through appropriate component design Hence, the HP system’s performance can be improved through appropriate component design to reduce the losses. This section details the recent advances in key components of CO2 HP, and, to reduce the losses. This section details the recent advances in key components of CO2 HP, and, subsequently, the major findings are summarized in Table 2. subsequently, the major findings are summarized in Table 2.PDF Image | Recent Advances in Transcritical CO2 (R744) Heat Pump System
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