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Chapter 2 Dimensionally stable N-PE composite membranes for DMFC applications (EW)) and DMSO were purchased from Aldrich (Germany). DE2020 Nafion® dispersion (20wt. % Nafion® + 80wt. % water and VOCs, 1000EW), which is also the material impregnated into PE by DSM-Solutech, was purchased from DuPont Fluoroproducts (U.S.A.). E-TEK electrodes were purchased from E-TEK DeNora (U.S.A.). 2.2. Preparation of DE2020 membranes A certain amount of DMSO was added to the DE2020 dispersion to decrease the evaporation rate of the solvent at the drying step and get a defect free membrane. The added amount of DMSO was the same as the dry weight of Nafion® in the dispersion. The dispersion was cast on Teflon plate with a casting knife and then placed in a fumehood for 18 hours. After that the membrane was annealed at 150°C for 1 hour and was peeled off from the teflon plate. The final dry thickness of the membrane was 80μm. 2.3. Membrane characterization Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Membranes were visualized by a scanning electron microscope (Jeol JSM 5600LV). The membrane samples were sputtered with a thin layer of gold (30 nm) using a Balzers Union SCD 040 sputtering device prior to the SEM observation. Porosity of the composite membrane The porosity of the N-PE membrane, φp (%), was estimated using the follow- ing equation (Eq. 1) [22], where wd weight of the dry Nafion®, wd weight fp sub of the dry poly(ethylene) substrate, ρ fp the density of Nafion®, ρ PE the den- sity of PE, and Vmdem is the dry membrane volume estimated from the geo- metric membrane area (A) and thickness (l). ⎧ wdfp+wd ⎫ ⎪ sub ⎪ ⎪ρfp ρPE⎪ φ = 1− .100 (1) P⎨Vd⎬ ⎪ mem ⎪ ⎩⎭ 17PDF Image | Development of membrane materials for direct methanol fuel cells
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