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Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1. Introduction Great quantities of hydrocarbon fuels will be needed for the foreseeable future, even if electricity based energy carriers begin to partially replace liquid hydrocarbons in the transportation sector. Fossil fuels and biomass are the most common feedstocks for production of hydrocarbon fuels. However, using renewable or nuclear energy, carbon dioxide and water can be recycled into sustainable hydrocarbon fuels in a non-biological process. Sustainable gasoline and diesels, or natural gas if desired, could substitute directly for their current fossil fuel-derived counterparts. Capture of CO2 from the atmosphere would enable a closed-loop fuel cycle. These CO2-recycled fuels would therefore be carbon-neutral. When produced using solar energy, the fuel cycle would be similar to that of biofuels. However, since the fuels are produced in a non-biological process, they would not share the disadvantages of biofuels in terms of land use, resource use, interference with food supplies, and other impacts to the environment and biosphere. Such fuels could also provide a more secure fuel supply than biofuels, their production being insensitive to natural phenomena such as droughts and diseases. Renewable and nuclear energy sources, as heat, electricity, and light, can drive the splitting of CO2 and H2O to reverse the process of combustion and produce fuels. The purpose of this work was to develop critical components of a system that recycles CO2 into sustainable hydrocarbon fuels. The concept is examined at several scales, beginning with a broad scope analysis of large-scale sustainable energy systems and ultimately studying electrolysis of CO2 and H2O in high temperature solid oxide cells as the heart of the energy conversion, in the form of three experimental studies of electrolysis of CO2 and H2O. The contributions of these studies include discoveries about electrochemistry and materials that could significantly improve the overall energy use and economics of the entire CO2-to-fuels system. The study begins by considering global-scale energy flows, which provide context for the motivation for recycling CO2 into fuels. As it progresses it re-focuses on finer details of important parts of the CO2 recycling process. At each stage potentially critical improvements to the system are identified and then pursued. As a result, in consecutive chapters, the scale of the system being studied tends to become smaller from global to macro to micro scale, eventually to experimental studies of the micro- and nano-scale phenomena of metal and ceramic electrodes of solid oxide electrolysis cells. These details – the materials, the electrochemical reaction rates, and the durability of the electrodes – are important; they largely define the energy Chapter 1PDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
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