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("Energy Explained," 2015). Butanol mixes better with gasoline because a butanol molecule has a larger chain and therefore more closely resembles gasoline than ethanol ("Energy Explained," 2015). To add to this, butanol-gasoline mixtures do not separate in the presence of water, while ethanol-gasoline mixtures do ("Energy Explained," 2015). This factor causes extra complications in the production of ethanol-gasoline fuels because the substances cannot be mixed in storage before transportation ("Energy Explained," 2015). Also the transportation of ethanol through pipelines is not an option due to potential water contamination ("Energy Explained," 2015). Lastly, butanolβs immiscibility in water would result in less soil contamination when spilled compared to a similar spill of ethanol ("Energy Explained," 2015). Both ethanol and butanol can be produced through fermentation of sugars derived from the same type of crops ("Energy Explained," 2015) . However, using one metric tonne of sugar results in a yield of 648.2 liters of ethanol versus only 508.1 liters of butanol ("Energy Explained," 2015). The fermentation of ethanol has only one chemical reaction, producing only ethanol and carbon dioxide (Reaction 1) ("Energy Explained," 2015). On the other hand, the fermentation of butanol occurs through the acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) process (Reaction 2) ("Energy Explained," 2015). The ABE fermentation process produces byproducts such as carbon dioxide, water, acetone, ethanol, acetic acid, butyric acid, and hydrogen gas ("Energy Explained," 2015). The byproducts of ABE fermentation contribute to butanolβs lower yield compared to ethanol. πΆ6π»12π6 β 2πΆ2π»5ππ» + 2πΆπ2 Reaction 1 πΆ6π»12π6 β πΆ4π»9ππ» + 2πΆπ2 + π»2π Reaction 2 There are many advantages to using butanol as a fuel source when you compare its fuel properties to gasoline and ethanol. However, the fermentation of butanol faces a few challenges as a result of its low yield and creation of multiple byproducts. Although bio- butanol can be produced through fermentation of corn, sugar beets, etc., it is still more expensive compared to producing petroleum ("Carbon cycle 2.0," ND) In addition, due to ethanolβs higher yield per bushel of corn, butanol has a higher cost ("Carbon cycle 2.0," ND). Bio-butanol is a promising biofuel for the future, however like other biofuels, more technological advances are needed in the coming years to insure its feasibility as an energy source (Earley & McKeown, 2009). 16PDF Image | Extraction of Bio-Butanol using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
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