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cars to buses (27). The first such vehicles were hydrogen-fueled. A methanol-fueled PEFC A- class car unveiled by Daimler-Benz in 1997 had a 640 km (400 mile) range. Plans were to offer a commercial vehicle by 2004. A hydrogen-fueled (metal hydride for hydrogen storage), fuel cell/battery hybrid passenger car was built by Toyota in 1996, followed in 1997 by a methanol- fueled car built on the same (RAV4) platform (28). In February 2002, UTC Fuel Cells and Nissan signed an agreement to develop fuel cells and fuel cell components for vehicles. Renault, Nissan’s alliance partner, is also participating in the development projects. UTC Fuel Cells will provide proprietary ambient-pressure proton exchange membrane fuel cell technology. Ballard’s fuel cell engine powered DaimlerChrysler’s NECAR 5 fuel cell vehicle in a 13-day, 3,000-mile endurance test across the United States. The drive provided Ballard and DaimlerChrysler with testing experience in a variety of conditions. Toyota Motor Corp. and Honda Motor Co. announced they would advance their initial vehicle introduction plans for fuel cell vehicles to late in 2002 from 2003. Honda achieved a significant milestone for its product launch by receiving both CARB and EPA certification of its zero emission FCX-V4 automobile. This was the first vehicle to receive such certification. Ballard’s fuel cell powered this Honda vehicle. Other major automobile manufacturers, including General Motors, Volkswagen, Volvo, Chrysler, Nissan, and Ford, have also announced plans to build prototype polymer electrolyte fuel cell vehicles operating on hydrogen, methanol, or gasoline (29). IFC and Plug Power in the U.S., and Ballard Power Systems of Canada (15), are involved in separate programs to build 50 to 100 kW fuel cell systems for vehicle motive power. Other fuel cell manufacturers are involved in similar vehicle programs. Some are developing fuel cell-powered utility vehicles, golf carts, etc. (30,31). 1.8.4 SpaceandOtherClosedEnvironmentPower The application of fuel cells in the space program (1 kW PEFC in the Gemini program and 1.5 kW AFC in the Apollo program) was demonstrated in the 1960s. More recently, three 12 kW AFC units were used for at least 87 missions with 65,000 hours flight time in the Space Shuttle Orbiter. In these space applications, the fuel cells used pure reactant gases. IFC produced a H2/O2 30 kW unit for the Navy’s Lockheed Deep Quest vehicle. It operates at depths of 1500 meters (5000 feet). Ballard Power Systems has produced an 80 kW PEFC fuel cell unit for submarine use (methanol fueled) and for portable power systems. 1.8.5 AuxiliaryPowerSystems In addition to high-profile fuel cell applications such as automotive propulsion and distributed power generation, the use of fuel cells as auxiliary power units (APUs) for vehicles has received considerable attention (see Figure 1-7). APU applications may be an attractive market because they offer a true mass-market opportunity that does not require the challenging performance and low cost required for propulsion systems for vehicles. In this section, a discussion of the technical performance requirements for such fuel cell APUs, as well as the status of technology and implications for fuel cell system configuration and cost is given. 1-23PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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