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per battery for disposal. Fuel cells, on the other hand, are not thrown away after each use but can be re-used hundreds of times. Mission weight savings of factors of 10 or more are projected. The prototype fuel cell, which has the same size and delivers the same power as a battery, has been tested in all orientations and under simulated adverse weather conditions, and was enthusiastically received by Army senior management. System Performance Requirements A key reason for interest in fuel cell APU applications is that there may be a good fit between APU requirements and fuel cell system characteristics. Fuel cells are efficient and quiet, and APUs do not have the load following requirements and physical size and weight constraints associated with propulsion applications. However, in order to understand the system requirements for fuel cell APUs, it is critical to understand the required functionality (refer to Figure 1-8) as well as competing technologies. To provide the functionality of interest, and to be competitive with internal combustion engine (ICE) driven APUs, fuel cell APUs must meet various requirements; an overview is provided in Figure 1-9. Key Parameter Typical Requirements Expected fuel cell performance Power output 12 – 42 V DC is acceptable for most applications, 110 / 220 V AC may be desirable for powering power tools etc. DC power output simplifies the power conditioning and control for fuel cells System Capacity 1 – 5 kW for light duty vehicles and truck cabins up to 15 kW for truck refrigeration Fits expected range for PEFCs and probably also advanced SOFCs System Efficiency More than 15-25% based on LHV Efficiency target should be achievable, even in smallest capacity range Operating life and reliability Greater than about 5,000 hours stack life, with regular service intervals less than once every 1,000 hours Insufficient data available to assess whether this is a challenge or not Figure 1-9 Overview of typical system requirements Fuel cell APUs will likely have to operate on gasoline, and for trucks preferably on diesel fuel, in order to match the infrastructure available, and preferably to be able to share on-board storage tanks with the main engine. The small amount of fuel involved in fueling APUs would likely not justify the establishment of a specialized infrastructure (e.g. a hydrogen infrastructure) for APUs alone. Similarly, fuel cell APUs should be water self-sufficient, as the need to carry water for the APU would be a major inconvenience to the operator, and would require additional space and associated equipment. In addition to the requirement for stationary operation, fuel cell APUs must be able to provide power rapidly after start-up, and must be able to follow loads. While the use of batteries to 1-25PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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