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at 200 bar, with a total capacity of 400 Nm3. The hydrogen is used in two Ballard 1.2-kW fuel cells and a Plug Power 5 kW, which are integrated as a back-up system in the building. Tahivilla Project This project involves a wind-hydrogen pilot plant located near Cadiz which is a part of a research project led by ENDESA Generation with Green Power Technologies, AICIA, and INERCO as partners. After a preliminary study of electricity production by the wind farm where the pilot plant is located (by comparing the production and prediction curves of the last 3 years), simulations were made to optimize wind energy generation by means of an integrated system of hydrogen and electric energy generation. This system, whose main components are an electrolyzer, a fuel cell, and a hydrogen tank, allows the generation of hydrogen by using part of the energy produced by a variable-speed wind turbine. The system is located on-site at an 80-MW park in the south of Spain (1,900 equivalent produc- tion hours per year, “MADE 800” wind turbines). It is composed of an electrolyzer with a maxi- mum electricity consumption of 41 kWe. After the hydrolysis is complete the resulting oxygen is vented and the hydrogen is stored at medium pressure (15 bar) in a storage tank. The system also has a compressor, for storage at 200 bar, and a fuel cell capable of generating 12 kWe. United Kingdom HARI Project The Hydrogen and Renewables Integration (HARI) project was established in 2001, on the site of an existing renewable energy system at West Beacon Farm, in Leicestershire, England. The two main objectives of this project were to demonstrate and gain experience in the integration of hydrogen energy storage systems with renewable energy systems, and to develop software models which could be used for the design of future systems of this type. Prior to the installation of the hydrogen energy system, the existing renewable energy systems at the site included two 25-kW wind turbines, 13-kW photovoltaics, and two micro-hydroelectric turbines with combined output of 3 kW. The addition of a hydrogen energy storage system to the existing renewable energy (RE) supply network was seen as a means of balancing the varying supply with the fluctuating demand, and enabling the evaluation of the feasibility of a standalone RE system. Three key components added to the existing network, a 36-kW alkaline electrolyzer (with 25-bar output pressure), 2,856 Nm3 of pressurized (137 bar) hydrogen storage, and 2 fuel cells (2 kW, 5 kW). During the operation of this site between 2001 and 2006, several lessons were learned, and suggested a number of ways that the overall efficiency could be optimized when designing similar systems. Importantly, matching the output and input requirements of all components ensures the most efficient energy conversion and hydrogen production. Additionally, the power conversion electronics were found to be the most significant parasitic losses in the system. Over time, the electrolyzer module’s efficiency also declined. The variable input from the wind turbine caused the electrolyzer to cycle, which lead to degradation of the stacks. When it was first installed the electrolyzer was rated at 36 kW, but over 2 years this had risen to 39 kW for the same hydrogen output. 11PDF Image | Hydrogen Production: Fundamentals
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