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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 4: Present and potential industrial uses of hydrogen Figure 47. 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 Second, differentiated markets must be established to support the increased costs faced by steel producers introducing renewable hydrogen into their operations. This should extend to hydrogen blending with natural gas in the short term, as this can help scale up electrolysis and dedicated renewables installations, but should move towards sole support for the 100% hydrogen-based route once it has reached commercial-scale demonstration. For example, public procurement contracts could be modified to require contractors for a public building or infrastructure project to use a gradually rising share of “green steel”. This could help kick- start the demand for an initially more costly product. Steel producers will have limited capacity to absorb these costs themselves, owing to the relatively slim margins on this widely traded bulk commodity. Beyond this, there are several market sectors and end-use products where consumers, especially in industrialised economies, could absorb slightly higher costs, such as a 1% increase in the price of a car (ETC, 2018). Comparison of cleaner routes for steel production in the long term NG DRI-EAF (high) NG DRI-EAF (low) NG DRI-EAF w/CCUS (high) NG DRI-EAF w/CCUS (low) Hydrogen DRI-EAF (high) Hydrogen DRI-EAF (low) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Electricity cost (USD/MWh) Notes: The levelised cost includes the cost of CAPEX on core process equipment, fixed OPEX, fuel and feedstock costs, and the cost of capturing, transporting and storing CO2. Best practice energy performance is assumed for natural gas-based routes. Electrolyser CAPEX range = USD 455–894/kWe. Electrolyser efficiency range = 64–74% on an LHV basis. 95% DRI charge to the EAF is assumed in all cases. More information on the assumptions is available at www.iea.org/hydrogen2019. Source: IEA 2019. All rights reserved. Electrolytic hydrogen-based routes start to compete with their natural gas-based counterpart equipped with CCUS at electricity prices of USD 5–35/MWh. Hydrogen for high-temperature heat Industrial high-temperature heat is a potential source of hydrogen demand growth in the future, but virtually no dedicated hydrogen is produced for this application today. Industry uses heat for a variety of different purposes, including melting, gasifying, drying, and mobilising a wide array of chemical reactions. Heat can be used both directly, for example in a furnace, or indirectly, for example by first raising steam and then transferring it for heating needs. There are three main temperature ranges for industrial heat: low temperature (< 100°C), medium temperature (100–400°C) and high temperature (> 400°C). Global demand for high-temperature heat in industry was around 1 280 Mtoe/yr in 2018, of which just 370 Mtoe/yr was outside the chemical and iron and steel sectors covered in the PAGE | 116 IEA. All rights reserved. Levelised cost (USD/t)PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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